经口咽入路行枕骨大孔扩大术的解剖学基础研究

目的：对枕骨斜坡骨性结构及周围毗邻关系的解剖学测量,为经口咽入路行枕骨大孔扩大术提供详尽的解剖学数据及理论依据。方法：①选取成人干燥颅骨标本40例,分别测量斜坡颅底内面、颅底外面的长度;斜坡咽结节处宽度、斜坡最小厚度、中部厚度和最大厚度;斜坡与水平面的夹角;颈动脉管外口内缘、颈静脉孔内外口内缘、破裂孔内外口内缘、舌下神经内外口内缘、寰枕关节内缘与斜坡中线的距离。②选取完整头颈部标本20例,观察斜坡与周围血管神经的毗邻关系。结果：①斜坡颅底内面长（40.1±2.5）mm,外面长（28.2±3.1）mm;斜坡中部宽度（18.8±2.5）mm,;最小厚度（6.8±2.3）mm,;中部厚度（9.8±2.2）mm,最大厚度（11.5±1.7）mm;咽结节至枕骨大孔前缘距离（12.8±1.5）mm。②斜坡与水平面的夹角（46.8±4.5）°。③颈动脉管外口内缘距离斜坡中线（26.1±3.1）mm,颈静脉孔内口内缘距离斜坡中线（21.8±2.5）mm,颈静脉孔外口内缘距离斜坡中线（25.1±2.7）mm,破裂孔内口内缘距离斜坡中线（10.5±2.9）mm,破裂孔外口内缘距离斜坡中线（11.8±2.5）mm,舌下神经管内口内缘距离斜坡中线（13.8±2.3）mm,舌下神经管外口内缘距离斜坡中线（21.1±2.3）mm,寰枕关节内缘距离斜坡中线（10.5±2.3）mm。④斜坡上部距离后方基底动脉（7.6±1.0）mm,距离后方脑桥（8.3±1.2）mm,斜坡中部距离后方延髓脑桥沟（13.5±1.7）mm,斜坡下部距离后方延髓（6.5±0.8）mm。⑤斜坡上部与后方硬脑膜之间间隙为（1.8±0.2）mm,斜坡中部与后方硬脑膜之间间隙为（1.3±0.1）mm,斜坡下部与后方硬脑、脊膜之间间隙为（1.3±0.1）mm。⑥在斜坡开骨窗的宽度为20mm,高度为15mm,深度为6mm,可以满足经口咽入路枕骨大孔扩大术的要求,并有可靠的安全性。结论：本研究通过对斜坡骨性结构及周围毗邻关系的测量与观察,为临床斜坡区手术提供解剖学数据。     

A new evolutionary optimization method for osteoporotic bone augmentation

Bone augmentation is a preventative osteoporosis intervention, comprising the injection of bone cement into an osteoporotic bone. As injection of excessive amounts of bone cement may result into thermal necrosis of bone tissue or even embolism, the minimum cement volume required to achieve a predefined level of augmentation must be sought. To this end, the present paper introduces a new evolutionary optimization method, applicable to any osteoporotic bone. The method was numerically evaluated through a typical case of femoral augmentation and compared to another powerful optimization method. The results demonstrate the efficiency and low computational cost of the proposed method.     

Substrate influences mating success and transmission of courtship vibrations for the parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris

The influences of artificial and natural rearing substrates on mating success were investigated for the parasitoid wasp Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a candidate for augmentative biological control of various lepidopteran pests. Five rearing substrates were tested: plastic, glass, chiffon fabric, and leaves of two host plants, bean [Vigna unguiculata (L.) (Fabaceae)] and maize [Zea mays L. (Poaceae)]. Mating success was highest on chiffon, lowest on plastic and glass, and intermediate on maize and bean. The transmission characteristics of one component (buzz 1) of the courtship vibrations produced by male wing fanning were investigated using laser vibrometry. The duration of buzz 1 was longer on maize, bean, and chiffon than on plastic and glass. The fundamental frequency of buzz 1 (~300 Hz) was lowest on bean and highest on glass, and intermediate among other substrates. The relative amplitude of buzz 1 was higher on chiffon than on plastic, glass, or bean, and intermediate on maize. The relative importance of airborne sound and substrate vibration as courtship signals was also investigated with experiments that manipulated the production of courtship vibrations and the mating substrates. The amplitude of courtship vibrations on chiffon was significantly higher for winged males than for dealated males. The mating success of males was impacted by both the presence of wings and the mating substrate. These findings suggest that mating success and transmission of courtship vibrations are influenced by the rearing substrate, and that courtship vibrations are critical to mating success in C. marginiventris. Future efforts to mass rear this parasitoid and other insects should consider the potential influences of rearing substrates on mating.     

Interaction between Podisus maculiventris and Harmonia axyridis two predators used in augmentative biological control in greenhouse crops

Intraguild predation (IGP) betweenthe pentatomid Podisus maculiventris(Say) and the coccinellid Harmoniaaxyridis (Pallas) in the absence or presenceof the extraguild prey Spodopteralittoralis (Boisduval) and Myzuspersicae (Sulzer) was studied in thelaboratory. Interactions were asymmetric infavor of the pentatomid. Podisusmaculiventris readily fed upon eggs and larvaeof H. axyridis, but adult beetles wererarely attacked. Success of attacks by P.maculiventris was stage dependent, fourthinstars and adults being more successful inkilling ladybeetle larvae than second instars.Attacks by H. axyridis on the pentatomidwere rare and none of them were successful. Theeffect of introducing extraguild prey on thelevel of IGP was tested both in petri dishesand on caged sweet pepper plants. Whensufficient numbers of S. littoralislarvae were present to satiate the pentatomid,predation on H. axyridis larvae decreasedsignificantly, indicating that the coccinellidis a less preferred or less vulnerable prey.When the aphid M. persicae was presentedas extraguild prey, levels of IGP were notaltered. Nymphs of P. maculiventrissuccessfully completed development whenexclusively fed on larvae of H. axyridis,but developmental time was longer than onlepidopteran prey. No pentatomid nymphs reachedadulthood on aphids alone. IGP by P.maculiventris on H. axyridis may be ofsome importance in greenhouse crops, where bothpredators are being used increasingly inaugmentative biological control programs.Nonetheless, it is expected that in practicelarger larvae and adults of H. axyridiswill escape most attacks by the pentatomid.     

Factors affecting the establishment and dispersal of nymphs of Pristhesancus plagipennis Walker (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) when released onto soybean, cotton and sunflower crops

Abstract A problem with augmenting predatory bugs through mass release is the logistical difficulty of delivering nymphs onto the foliage of field crops. In this paper we examine postrelease establishment and dispersal of the nymphs of the predatory bug Pristhesancus plagipennis on soybean, cotton and sunflower in an effort to devise an appropriate strategy for field release. The effects of predator stadia and release rates on field establishment and within-crop-canopy dispersal after hand release were recorded in soybean, cotton and sunflower. Field establishment improved with the release of more-developed nymphs, with third instars providing the most appropriate compromise between field hardiness and rearing cost. Increased nymphal density at the point of release had little effect on nymphal dispersal throughout the crop canopy. The patterns of nymphal dispersal observed on the three crops suggest that crop-canopy architecture may have an effect on the ability of nymphs to spread out postrelease, as nymphs dispersed poorly in cotton and sunflower compared to soybean. To overcome poor dispersal of nymphs after release, a mechanical release method, where nymphs were mixed with vermiculite and delivered onto a target crop through a spinning disk fertiliser spreader, was tested, and provided similar nymph establishment rates and dispersal patterns as releasing nymphs individually by hand. The implications of nymph dispersal and field hardiness in regard to inundative field release techniques are discussed.     

Threshold Model for Misclassified Binary Responses with Applications to Animal Breeding

A Bayesian procedure for misclassified binary data was developed. An animal breeding simulation indicated that, when error of classification was ignored, the variance between clusters was inferred incorrectly. Data were reanalyzed assuming that the probability of misclassification was either known or unknown. In the first case, input parameter values were recovered in the analysis. When the probability was unknown, there was a slight bias; the true probability of misclassification and the true number of miscoded observations appeared within high credibility regions. An analysis of fertility in dairy cows is presented.     

Acute and chronic effects of citalopram on postsynaptic 5-hydroxytryptamine(1A) receptor-mediated feedback: a microdialysis study in the amygdala

Microdialysis was used to assess the involvement of postsynaptic 5-hydroxytryptamine(1A) (5-HT(1A)) receptors in the regulation of extracellular 5-HT in the amygdala. Local infusion of the 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist flesinoxan (0.3, 1, 3 microM) for 30 min into the amygdala maximally decreased 5-HT to 50% of basal level. Systemic administration of citalopram (10 micromol/kg) increased 5-HT to 175% of basal level. Local infusion of 1 microM of the 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist WAY 100.635 into the amygdala augmented the effect of citalopram to more than 500% of basal 5-HT level. 5-HT(1A) receptor responsiveness after chronic citalopram treatment was determined in two ways. First, by local infusion of 1 microM flesinoxan for 30 min into the amygdala, which showed a significant 63% reduction in response (area under the concentration-time curve; AUC) for the citalopram group compared to the saline group. Second, by systemic administration of citalopram (10 micromol/kg), which increased 5-HT to 350% of basal level. The effect was larger than in untreated animals, but more important, local infusion of 1 microM WAY 100.635 into the amygdala now failed to augment the effect of citalopram. Both the flesinoxan and WAY 100.635 data suggest an involvement of postsynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptor-mediated feedback in the amygdala, which diminishes following chronic citalopram treatment.     

A tormentor in the quest for plant p53-like proteins

Pretreatment with salicylic acid (SA), an inducer of plant disease resistance, enhanced the capacity of parsley cells for the induction of a rapid K⁺/pH response and the subsequent coumarin (phytoalexin) secretion. In SA-primed cells, a low elicitor dose induced these two responses to a similar extent as did a high elicitor dose in non-primed cells. These observations suggest that the SA-mediated augmentation of the early K⁺/pH response may contribute to the enhancement of subsequent coumarin secretion. As the amphotericin B-induced K⁺/pH response was not enhanced in SA-primed cells, it is concluded that signaling components that are improved by priming are located between elicitor signal perception and the plasma membrane transporters mediating the K⁺/pH response.