广西白头叶猴栖息地特征

白头叶猴是我国独有的灵长类物种,其栖息地十分狭小而分散。典型的热带喀斯特峰丛洼地-峰丛谷地地貌组合,特殊的石灰岩季雨林或次生植被和多种石灰土构成的石山景观,与周边的土山景观有明显区别。环境的异质性和不连续性,使之成为边界明显但又互相隔离的同质性斑块,为穴居和过群居生活的白头叶猴提供了至关重要的生存空间。白头叶猴这一适应于热带气候,善攀爬、植食性和穴居习性的物种,选择低峰丛洼地-峰丛谷地作为适宜的栖息地,是在长期进化过程中生态适应的结果。目前,白头叶猴仅分布于几处互相隔离的地块。近几十年来,由于人类活动的强烈干扰,使其栖息地急速缩小和更加分散。只有正确处理人地关系、人与野生动物的关系,禁止石山地区的过度开发,维持这一自然综合体的完整性和保持景观异质性,白头叶猴才有生存的可能和发展的机会。     

Locomotor behavior and muscular anatomy of sympatric Malaysian leaf-monkeys (Presbytis obscura and Presbytis melalophos).

Sympatric Malaysian leaf-monkeys, Presbytis obscura and Presbytis melalophos show quantitative differences in their use of different locomotor patterns during daily activities. P. obscura primarily moves quadrupedally along large boughs; P. melalophos relies more on leaping between smaller supports. P. melalophos also uses forelimb suspension more than does P. obscura. Comparison of the muscular anatomy of the shoulder, arm, trunk, hip and thigh show numerous statistically significant differences between the two species in relative mass of individual muscles and in details of muscular origin and insertion. In almost all instances these differences accord with the types of differences in muscular anatomy predictable from either biomechanical analyses of locomotor behavior or comparative anatomical studies of other mammalian species.     

Differential detectability of primates between primary and selectively logged habitats and implications for population surveys

Much information has been published concerning the accurary of various techniques commonly used for censusing primates. The sources of bias may vary according to the technique used. Accuracy may depend on population density as well as on differential visibility and hence detectability between areas. This paper provides evidence that primates may alter their behavior between areas of primary and selectively logged habitat, which in turn could affect census results. Adoption of cryptic behavior, changes in behavioral profile, and reduction in calling rates reduce the detectability of certain species. Increases in the frequency of subgrouping or in group dispersion may introduce a danger of overestimation of other species, unless differences in the size of foraging units are taken into account.     

Life-Phase Related Changes in Male Loud Call Characteristics and Testosterone Levels in Wild Thomas Langurs

Males in many primate species give loud calls. Lifetime changes in loud calls may be due to either age or social changes. We examined loud call characteristics, loud call production and levels of fecal testosterone among 4 life-phases of male Thomas langurs (Presbytis thomasi): all-male band (AMB), early, middle, and late life-phase in mixed-sex groups. Discriminant analyses showed that a high percentage of loud calls could be assigned correctly to the proper life-phase. The most significant change in loud call characteristics is an increase in tonal units and duration from the AMB to the early life-phase, accompanied by a decrease in non-tonal units. Since adult AMB males have a similar age to that of early life-phase males, we suggest that social rather than age-related changes underlie the loud call differences between AMB males and early life-phase males. This could also be related to the increase in testosterone levels from the AMB to the early life-phase. In addition, we postulate that females may use loud call characteristics as a cue to choose between young and old males once they decided to leave their current male, and possibly also as a cue to decide to leave their current male as he enters his late life-phase.     

弄岗黑叶猴旱季食物营养组分及其对食物选择的影响

正蛋白质与纤维素的比值以及能量高低是影响灵长类动物食物选择的重要因素(Oftedal,1991;Waterman and Kool,1994;Chapman and Chapman,2002;Wasserman and Chapman,2003;Hanya et al.,2007;Huang et al.,2010),但它们是否影响疣猴的食物选择目前尚具有较大的争议。Waterman     

杂交白头叶猴F1代及其后代性状和行为跟踪观察

通过对白头叶猴与黑叶猴杂交所得的雌杂白头叶猴F1代(F1f)的性状及行为观察,以及F1代与黑叶猴进行回交繁殖出来的后代Be1、Be2、Be3和Be4的性状表现及生长发育的长期观察,结果表明:杂交白头叶猴及其回交代的性状、形态特征与黑叶猴十分相似,黑毛性状占绝对的优势。白头叶猴所拥有的性状在杂白头叶猴及其后代中几乎不表现,仅是在生长中存在部分印记,在发育过程中的颜色转变时间延长,毛色转变也有痕迹的现象。这说明白头叶猴的基因控制在回交代中只起到辅助作用,但总的以黑叶猴的基因控制为主。白头叶猴回交代个体弱仔率比例高达50%,高于同期的黑叶猴弱仔率,后者一般为10%—20%,呈现出远交衰退迹象。杂交代F1在繁殖行为及对后代的哺育投资上与黑叶猴无明显区别;回交代的生长发育和行为发育与黑叶猴的行为有趋同性。综合上述特征,结合杂交白头叶猴F1f的连续繁殖成功,可以断定白头叶猴不是一个独立种,而是黑叶猴的一个亚种。     

干扰生境下黑叶猴(Trachypithecus francoisi francoisi)日活动时间的分配

1999年至2000年,采用瞬间采样法对贵州省麻阳河国家级自然保护区干扰生境中的野生成年黑叶猴的日活动规律进行了研究。结果表明：干扰生境中野生成年黑叶猴在全年的行为时间分配中表现为休息和摄食所占比例最多,分别为35．41％和31．67％;其次是游走、拥坐和嬉戏,分别为14．44％、9．61％和8．54％;仅将很少时间用于理毛行为,为0．33％。与未干扰生境相比,干扰生境下黑叶猴全年中除用于休息的时间下降外,用于其余活动类型的时间均有所提高。研究还表明野生成年黑叶猴的活动规律在不同季节存在一定差异性。休息和摄食行为在各季节日活动规律中都存在显著高峰期,但高峰期持续时间和强度不同。游走、嬉戏和拥坐行为在各季节的日活动规律所占比例均较低。理毛行为存在季节有或无的现象。     

Biochemical values of blood serum in the female silvered leaf-monkey,Presbytis cristatus

Thirteen days after capture, the blood serum of eight anesthetized female leaf-monkeys,Presbytis cristatus (3.86 kg of mean body weight), were analyzed for hematocrit (35.6±6.7 %), total protein (6.7±0.8 g/dl), albumin (3.61±0.77 g/dl), α-1 globulin (0.13±0.04 g/dl), α-2 globulin (0.73±0.18 g/dl), β globulin (0.87±0.27 g/dl), γ globulin (1.36±0.55 g/dl), A/G ratio (1.23±0.38), Na (161±6.14 mEq/l), K (5.61±0.74 mEq/l), LDH (575±257 IU/l), GOT (93±67 IU/l), GPT (34±33 IU/l), CPK (250±200 IU/l), ALP (613±633 IU/l), LAP (115±68 IU/l), γ-GTP (28±30 IU/l), TG (47±24 mg/dl), T-Cho (141±31 mg/dl), BUN (29.0±5.7 mg/dl), T-bil (0.21±0.07 mg/dl), and IP (3.4±2.0 mg/dl).     

Social stability and change among forest hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus)

The social organization of hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus, Colobinae) was studied in Kanha Tiger Reserve, Central Indian Highlands between 1980 and 1983, followed by six brief return visits over ten years. Censuses of the 7 km² Kanha meadows demonstrated little change in population density and structure between 1982 and 1990; the population was consistently composed of one-male troops and all-male bands. During the return visits the focal C troop extended its known 74.5 ha range by only 5.6%. By 1993 two identified, habituated, adult females remained within the troop. The adult male was resident in C troop for ≥nine years and eight months.