环境因子及藻体密度对条斑紫菜生长与氮磷去除效率的影响

以条斑紫菜为材料,系统探究实验室条件下光照强度、温度、光周期、盐度和干出等生态因子和藻体密度对条斑紫菜生长和氮磷去除的影响,为今后条斑紫菜大规模栽培的生态修复潜力研究及海洋富营养化治理奠定理论基础。实验室条件下不同藻体密度、光照强度、光周期、温度、盐度和干出时间对条斑紫菜生长及氮磷去除效率的影响。结果表明:条斑紫菜在藻体密度0.1 g/L、光照强度为120μmol m-2s-1时特定生长率最大,为38.1%。随着藻体密度增加,光照强度减小,其特定生长率逐渐减小,当藻体密度为1.6 g/L、光照强度为30μmol m-2s-1时,特定生长率最小为12.6%;藻体密度0.1—0.8 g/L时随着藻体密度的增加条斑紫菜对NO-3-N和PO3-4-P的去除效率显著增加,藻体密度为0.8—1.6 g/L时藻体对NO-3-N和PO3-4-P去除效率差异不大,其中藻体密度1.6 g/L、光照强度90μmol m-2s-1时条斑紫菜对NO-3-N和PO3-4-P去除效率均达到93%以上。为进一步探究其他环境因子的影响,因此在温度和光周期实验中选择氮磷去除率适中的藻体密度0.4 g/L和最适光照强度90μmol m-2s-1。温度为15℃、光周期为16L∶8D条件下条斑紫菜特定生长率最大,为36.9%,且氮和磷去除效率也最大,分别为91.9%和81.6%。条斑紫菜生长适宜盐度为10—35,最佳盐度为25,干出时间越长生长越慢,氮磷去效率也越低,且有较大交互作用,但干出后的紫菜光合作用更强。以上研究将为应用大型海藻条斑紫菜大规模栽培进行生态修复奠定基础。     

条斑紫菜粗多糖对淋巴细胞和支持细胞的增殖作用

目的:探讨条斑紫菜粗多糖的一些生物学功能,包括促进淋巴细胞增殖以及促进支持细胞生长的功能。方法:将原代培养的大鼠和小鼠脾淋巴细胞以及大鼠睾丸支持细胞分别接种于96孔板中,将不同浓度的条斑紫菜粗多糖(0.05、0.5、5、10mg/mL)加入培养,每种浓度设6个复孔,并设对照组孔。采用四氮甲唑蓝(MTT)法检测细胞的增殖率。结果:条斑紫菜粗多糖能够显著地促进大鼠、小鼠脾淋巴细胞和大鼠睾丸支持细胞的增殖,增殖率随多糖浓度的提高而升高;当多糖浓度为10mg/mL时,增殖率分别为137.3%、149%和454.5%。结论:条斑紫菜粗多糖具有提高免疫力及促进生殖功能的作用,其对睾丸支持细胞的增殖作用目前还未见报道。     

Sensory and fatty acid analyses of two Atlantic species of Porphyra (Rhodophyta)

Sensory analyses were conducted to determine levels of consumer acceptability of Porphyra yezoensis, P. umbilicalis, and P. amplissima to select appropriate species for aquaculture development in Maine (USA). The subjects included children (n = 67) and adults (n = 84); the children participated in study design by helping to select the 9 point hedonic scale used in the affective sensory tests. Two substrates were used; Porphyra was baked in crackers and also used as a coating for popcorn. No significant differences (p > 0.5) in acceptability of one species over another were observed in either trial, which suggests that native Atlantic species of Porphyra such as P. amplissima and P. umbilicalis have developmental potential in foods for North American consumers. Fatty acids were analyzed in the taste test material and in freshly collected P. umbilicalis; eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA; 20:5 (n-3)] and palmitic acid were the most common fatty acids. Quantitative analysis of EPA determined that freshly collected (January 2005) P. umbilicalis contained 3.2 mg EPA g dry wt⁻¹ (74 mg EPA 100 g fresh wt⁻¹). This concentration is not high enough to make P. umbilicalis a primary source of daily omega-3 fatty acids, but the favorable n-3/n-6 ratio (2-3:1) in these species contributes to their nutritional value.     

Forecasting infections of the red rot disease on Porphyra yezoensis Ueda (Rhodophyta) cultivation farms

Pythium porphyrae is a fungal pathogen responsible for red rot disease of the seaweed Porphyra (Rhodophyta). Infection forecasts of Porphyra by P. porphyrae were estimated from the epidemiological observations of Porphyra thalli and numbers of zoospore of P. porphyrae in laboratory and cultivation areas. Four features of forecasting infections were determined by relating zoospore concentrations to the incidence of thallus infection; infection (in more than 1000 zoospores L⁻¹), microscopic infection [less than 2 mm in diameter of lesion (in from 2000 to 3000 zoospores L⁻¹)], macroscopic infection [more than 2 mm in diameter of lesion (in from 3000 to 4000 zoospores L⁻¹), and thallus disintegration (in more than 4000 zoospores L⁻¹). High zoospore concentrations led to more infection. The tendency that zoospore concentration of P. porphyrae increased with the rate of infection of Porphyra thalli was generally observed in forecasting infections in both the laboratory and in cultivation areas. Based on the Porphyra cultivation areas, the accuracy and consistency of forecasting infections suggest that this method could be employed to manage and control red rot disease.     

Optimization of conditions for cell cultivation of Porphyra haitanensis conchocelis in a bubble-column bioreactor

Summary Process conditions for cell cultures derived from conchocelis of female red macroalga Porphyra haitanensis were optimized in an illuminated 0.3-l bubble-column photobioreactor, using CO₂ in air as the sole carbon source during a 20-day cultivation period. It reached the highest growth rate when the initial cell density was 700 mg l⁻¹ (dry weight), the optional aeration rate was 1.2 v/v/min, inorganic nitrate concentration was 15 mM and inorganic phosphate concentration was 0.6 mM. This is the first reported bioreactor cultivation study of cell cultures derived from conchocelis of Porphyra haitanensis.     

GENETIC DIVERSITY AND INTROGRESSION IN TWO CULTIVATED SPECIES (PORPHYRA YEZOENSIS AND PORPHYRA TENERA) AND CLOSELY RELATED WILD SPECIES OF PORPHYRA (BANGIALES,RHODOPHYTA)1

We investigated the genetic variations of the samples that were tentatively identified as two cultivated Porphyra species (Porphyra yezoensis Ueda and Porphyra tenera Kjellm.) from various natural populations in Japan using molecular analyses of plastid and nuclear DNA. From PCR‐RFLP analyses using nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA and plastid RUBISCO spacer regions and phylogenetic analyses using plastid rbcL and nuclear ITS‐1 rDNA sequences, our samples from natural populations of P. yezoensis and P. tenera showed remarkably higher genetic variations than found in strains that are currently used for cultivation. In addition, it is inferred that our samples contain four wild Porphyra species, and that three of the four species, containing Porphyra kinositae, are closely related to cultivated Porphyra species. Furthermore, our PCR‐RFLP and molecular phylogenetic analyses using both the nuclear and plastid DNA demonstrated the occurrence of plastid introgression from P. yezoensis to P. tenera and suggested the possibility of plastid introgression from cultivated P. yezoensis to wild P. yezoensis. These results imply the importance of collecting and establishing more strains of cultivated Porphyra species and related wild species from natural populations as genetic resources for further improvement of cultivated Porphyra strains.     

Cyclophilin Participates in Responding to Stress Situations in Porphyra haitanensis (Bangiales,Rhodophyta)

Porphyra haitanensis (T. J. Chang & B. F. Zheng) is an important economic alga found off the southern coast of China. It has evolved a strong tolerance against stress, which is an important survival characteristic. Cyclophilin has been shown to be involved in the stress response of plants and algae. To investigate the tolerance against stress in Porphyra, we isolated the cyclophilin PhCYP18 gene (Accession number JQ413239 ) and measured its expression over different generations and stress conditions. In P. haitanensis, cyclophilin PhCYP18 accumulated more in the filamentous sporophyte generation than in the blade gametophyte generation. This difference was thought to be due to harsh environments and a gene dosage effect. It has been found, however, that PhCYP18 expression was dysregulated in blades under high salt stress, strong irradiance stress and multifactorial stress compared to blades under normal conditions. Moreover, the changes were not linearly related to the degree of stress. It was therefore thought that PhCYP18 actively responded to stress situations and induced strong stress tolerance, which is evident in P. haitanensis.     

Isolation and regeneration of protoplasts from Porphyra dentata and Porphyra crispata

Large numbers of protoplasts (10⁶ to 3·2 × 10⁷ per gram fresh weight) were routinely isolated from two Taiwanese species of Porphyra: P. dentata and P. crispata. Intermediate and final forms of regeneration were observed, including swollen cells, monospore-like cells, filaments, callus-like structures and bladelets. Regeneration of leafy plants was achieved from protoplasts of P. crispata, whereas only conchocelis-like filaments were regenerated from protoplasts of P. dentata. In this latter species, conchosporangia and monosporangia appeared on the filaments upon cultivation at 25 °C. The variability in regenerative patterns is discussed.     

Further observations on the genus Didymosphaenia M. Schmidt—D. Sibirica (Grun.) M. Schm.

Maintenance of Didymosphaenia M. Schmidt as a distinct diatom genus is supported by an examination of D. sibirica (Grun.) M. Schm. with the scanning electron microscope. This investigation of D. sibirica reveals features similar to those of D. geminata (Lyngb.) M. Schm. and substantiates the existence of the genus separate from Gomphonema. D. sibirica is, however, a quite distinct species.