胆总管结石并胆道感染患者胆汁中致病菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的:了解胆总管结石并胆道感染患者胆汁中致病菌的分布以及耐药性的情况,为临床中胆总管结石并胆道感染患者的诊治提供参考。方法:选取2012年1月至2012年12月期间被我院收治的胆总管结石并胆道感染患者内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)抽取胆汁标本150例,对其进行细菌培养和药敏试验,观察和分析细菌分布情况和耐药性情况。结果:1细菌培养阳性的例数为123例(阳性检出率82.0%),其中,革兰氏阴性菌39例(31.71%),主要为大肠埃希菌23例(18.70%);革兰氏阳性菌64例(52.03%),主要是粪肠球菌22例(17.89%)和甲型溶血性链球菌10例(8.13%);真菌(白假丝酵母菌)20例(16.26%)。2患者胆汁中的细菌主要敏感的药物有美罗培南、亚胺培南、万古霉素、庆大霉素、头孢吡肟和阿米卡星等。结论:胆总管结石并胆道感染患者胆汁中病原菌分布出现了新的变化,临床中应根据患者胆汁药敏试验结果选择有效的治疗方法和抗菌药物。     

Progenitor cells of the biliary epithelial cell lineage

Stem-like cells have been identified in liver that are able to differentiate in vivo and in culture to biliary epithelial cells (BEC), hepatocytes and oval cells. The growth factors/cytokines and signal pathways required for the differentiation processes are beginning to be evaluated. There is increasing evidence to suggest that these stem-like cells may originate from both the bone marrow population or from a precursor remnant from liver embryogenesis, as they share many of the same markers (CD34, c-kit, CD45). Most recently, it has been shown that a population of progenitor cells can copurify with mesenchymal bone marrow cells and differentiate under specific culture conditions to form both hepatic epithelial and also endothelial cells. The interaction of haemopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells needs further evaluation. The close association of ductular reactive cells and neovessels in end-stage cholestatic liver diseases and the relation to Jagged/Notch signalling pathway may be important in the regulation of stem cells to form both biliary epithelial and endothelial cells.     

DMSO inhibits human platelet activation through cyclooxygenase-1 inhibition. A novel agent for drug eluting stents?

Background: DMSO is routinely infused together with hematopoietic cells in patients undergoing myeloablative therapy and was recently found to inhibit smooth muscle cells proliferation and arterial thrombus formation in the mouse by preventing tissue factor (TF), a key activator of the coagulation cascade. This study was designed to investigate whether DMSO prevents platelet activation and thus, whether it may represent an interesting agent to be used on drug eluting stents. Methods and results: Human venous blood from healthy volunteers was collected in citrated tubes and platelet activation was studied by cone and platelet analyzer (CPA) and rapid-platelet-function-assay (RPFA). CPA analysis showed that DMSO-treated platelets exhibit a lower adherence in response to shear stress (−15.54 ± 0.9427%, n = 5, P < 0.0001 versus control). Additionally, aggregometry studies revealed that DMSO-treated, arachidonate-stimulated platelets had an increased lag phase (18.0% ± 4.031, n = 9, P = 0.0004 versus control) as well as a decreased maximal aggregation (−6.388 ± 2.212%, n = 6, P = 0.0162 versus control). Inhibitory action of DMSO could be rescued by exogenous thromboxane A2 and was mediated, at least in part, by COX-1 inhibition. Conclusions: Clinically relevant concentrations of DMSO impair platelet activation by a thromboxane A2-dependent, COX-1-mediated effect. This finding may be crucial for the previously reported anti-thrombotic property displayed by DMSO. Our findings support a role for DMSO as a novel drug to prevent not only proliferation, but also thrombotic complications of drug eluting stents.     

New insights to the immunopathology and autoimmune responses in primary biliary cirrhosis

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease with profound changes in different compartments of the immune system, including those involved in innate, and adaptive immunity. New data from epidemiological studies of PBC have reinforced the thesis that the cause for this relatively uncommon disease is likely to be a combination of both environmental factors and a susceptible genetic predisposition. Recent findings of abnormalities of the innate immune system in PBC suggest that they may serve as links between the environmental factors and the early events in PBC development. Viral and bacterial infections as well as xenobiotics are some of the potential environmental factors that have been implicated in this complex process. Identification of the etiological factors for PBC will point to new preventive or therapeutic treatments.     

经纤支镜国产气道覆膜支架肺减容术治疗肺气肿模型的应用研究

目的:研究经纤支镜国产气道覆膜支架肺减容术治疗肺气肿动物模型的可行性、治疗效果及并发症发生情况。方法:4只雌性山羊应用局部气管内滴注木瓜蛋白酶方法复制不均一肺气肿模型。经电子支气管镜通过推送装置在肺气肿模型的不同支气管亚段(右肺上叶前段或后段)放入1-2枚气道覆膜支架,术前1天及术后6周测肺功能、查血气分析及胸部CT扫描。观察有无肺部感染等并发症。结果:支架植入后6周发现肺总量(TLC)、功能残气量(FRC)、残气量(RV)均出现下降,与术前比较均有统计学意义(p0.05)。RV/TLC(%)从术前的42.55%降至20.37%。PaO2从(70.50±1.85)mmHg上升至(81.25±1.11)mmHg,有统计学意义(p0.05)。CT检查及肺组织大体标本证实支架远端存在肺不张。仅有一只出现肺部感染早期症状,全部动物未发生气胸、肺脓肿等严重并发症。结论:经纤维支气管镜植入国产气道覆膜支架行肺减容术治疗肺气肿具有治疗效果确切、创伤小、安全性好、操作方便等特点。     

Transversal dose profile reconstruction for clinical proton beams: A detectors inter-comparison

PurposeThe main purpose of this work is the inter-comparison between different devices devoted to the transversal dose profile recostruction for daily QA tests in proton therapy.MethodsThe results obtained with the EBT3 radiochromic films, used as a reference, and other common quality control devices, have been compared with those obtained with a beam profiling system developed at the “Laboratori Nazionali del Sud” of Italian Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN-LNS, Catania, Italy). It consists of a plastic scintillator screen (thickness 1 mm), mounted perpendicularly to the beam axis and coupled with a highly sensitive CCD detector in a light-tight box.Results and conclusionThe tests, carried out both at the INFN-LNS and Trento Proton Therapy Center facilities, show, in general, a good agreement between the different detectors. The beam profiling system, in particular, appears to be a promising quality control device for 2-D relative dosimetry, because of its linear response in a dose rate range useful for proton therapy treatments, its high spatial resolution and its short acquisition and processing time.     

Autophagy in intra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Intra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHCC) is a primary cancer of the liver that shares histological features with the hepatic bile ducts from which it is thought to arise. The incidence of this disease is increasing, possibly related to increased inflammatory liver diseases such as viral hepatitis and steatohepatitis (commonly called “fatty liver”), induced by obesity, diabetes, and other metabolic derangements. Its prognosis is generally poor with early metastasis and presently there are limited effective treatments. A basic understanding of the disease has long been hampered by limited tumor cell lines and good model systems. Similarly, such limitations have obstructed new therapeutic inroads.     

B cells promote hepatic inflammation, biliary cyst formation, and salivary gland inflammation in the NOD.c3c4 model of autoimmune cholangitis

There are now several murine models of autoimmune cholangitis that have features both similar and distinct from human PBC. One such model, the NOD.c3c4 mouse, manifests portal cell infiltrates, anti-mitochondrial antibodies but also biliary cysts. The biliary cysts are not a component of PBC and not found in the other murine models. To address the immunopathology in these mice, we generated genetically B cell deficient Igμ^−/− NOD.c3c4 mice and compared the immunopathology of these animals to control B cell sufficient NOD.c3c4 mice. B cell deficient mice demonstrated decreased number of non-B cells in the liver accompanied by reduced numbers of activated natural killer cells. The degree of granuloma formation and bile duct damage were comparable to NOD.c3c4 mice. In contrast, liver inflammation, biliary cyst formation and salivary gland inflammation was significantly attenuated in these B cell deficient mice. In conclusion, B cells play a critical role in promoting liver inflammation and also contribute to cyst formation as well as salivary gland pathology in autoimmune NOD.c3c4 mice, illustrating a critical role of B cells in modulating specific organ pathology and, in particular, in exacerbating both the biliary disease and the sialadenitis.     

维生素D在自身免疫性肝病中的研究进展

维生素D是一种人体必需的脂溶性维生素,其除了可调节钙磷代谢,参与骨骼生长外,还可通过调节免疫细胞增殖分化和抗炎抗纤维化等参与多种免疫性疾病的发生发展。自身免疫性肝病(autoimmune liver disease, AILD)是由自身免疫反应引起的一组肝脏炎症性病变,有研究发现维生素D与AILD存在相关性,AILD患者血清中维生素D水平普遍降低,补充血清维生素D可降低肝损伤和肝纤维化程度。因此,探究维生素D在AILD发生发展中的作用具有一定的临床价值。本文对维生素D在AILD中的研究进展作一阐述。     

胆道镜结合微爆破碎石治疗复杂性胆道结石

目的：探讨微爆破碎石用于治疗复杂胆道结石的治疗体会。方法：在胆道镜直视下,分别在术中和术后对158例复杂的胆道结石患者进行微爆破碎石,然后用取石网取出碎石,泥沙状结石随液体流出或让其自行流入肠道。结果：158例患者156例取石成功。取石成功率98.73%。明显提高了胆道取石的成功率。无1例出现胆道穿孔、瘘道穿孔及胆道出血等严重并发症。结论：在胆道镜下,采用微爆破碎石术治疗复杂的胆道结石是一种安全、可靠、高效的方法,可以明显提高结石的取净率。