Genetic Diversity of Thanatephorus cucumeris Infecting Tomato in Iran

The necrotrophic fungus Thanatephorus cucumeris (anamorph Rhizoctonia solani) is among the most important soil‐borne pathogens which causes tomato foot and root rot worldwide. We investigated virulence and genetic relationships among and within different taxonomic groups of R. solani from the tomato‐growing regions in the north‐east of Iran. Characterization of R. solani taxonomic groups revealed that, of 56 isolates, four were AG‐2‐1, 16 were AG‐3 PT, 21 were AG‐4 HG‐I and 15 were AG‐4 HG‐II. Because interprimer binding site (iPBS), which is based on amplification of retrotransposons, is known as novel and powerful DNA fingerprinting technology, we selected four iPBS primers, which can detect polymorphisms of tomato foot root and root rot pathogen, for investigating genotypic variability of the isolates. The iPBS analyses separated various taxonomic groups of R. solani and showed great diversity among the isolates, demonstrating that the R. solani isolates obtained from tomato were not a clonal population. Crop rotation strategies and geographic location seem to be important factors affecting genetic structure of the isolates. Pathogenicity tests on tomato cultivar ‘Mobil’ showed significant differences in the virulence of various isolates. The overall results indicated that isolates of AG‐3 and AG‐4 were more virulent than AG‐2‐1. There was no significant correlation between genetic diversity and virulence of the isolates. This is the first report of R. solani AG‐4 HG‐II, causing tomato foot and root rot. Also, our research is the first in assessment of genetic diversity in fungal populations using iPBS molecular markers.     

Characterization and Pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia spp. from Onion in Amasya, Turkey

Forty‐two isolates of Rhizoctonia spp. were obtained from onion in Amasya, Turkey. Of these, 29% were Rhizoctonia solani (AG‐4), 69% were Waitea circinata var. zeae (Rhizoctonia zeae) and 2% were binucleate Rhizoctonia (AG‐B). Most of the isolates were recovered from rhizosphere soil. In pathogenicity tests on onion, R. solani AG‐4 caused the greatest disease severity, those of W. circinata var. zeae were moderately virulent but binucleate Rhizoctonia isolates were of low virulence. This is the first report of binucleate Rhizoctonia AG‐B and W. circinata var. zeae occurring on onion in Turkey.     

影响稻恶苗菌分生孢子萌芽管融合的环境因子研究

本文报导温度、光照、几种营养物质和pH值对稻恶苗菌[Gibberella fujikuroi(sacc.)wr.]分生孢子萌芽管融合频率的影响。试验结果证明温度为28℃,光照为完全黑暗下,pH值为中性偏碱性的PD培养液中,稻恶苗菌分生孢子萌芽管融合频率最高。     

Vascular anatomy of fabaceous nodules of determinate growth

The vascular anatomy of nodules of 12 genera of tropical pasture and grain legumes of three tribes of the Fabaceae is described. Tracheary strands branch dichotomously and repeatedly from a root connection and generally terminate within sealed pockets of endodermis. Anastomosis of vascular strands at the nodule tip to form a complete xylem circuit was seen in three genera (Vigna, Glycine and Lablab). The functional significance of vascular structure is discussed in terms of pathways of solute movement between the infected cells and the root, and the permeability of the nodule cortex to gases.     

Brain Histamine in Rats with Hepatic Encephalopathy

Chronic liver failure induced by portocaval anastomosis (PCA) in Wistar rats resulted in a dramatic increase in histamine concentration in hypothalamus and a smaller, but clearly pronounced, elevation in the rest of brain. Between 10 and 120 days following surgery, shunted rats exhibited a histamine level 2.4- to 13-fold higher in hypothalamus and 1.5- to 2.5-fold higher in the rest of brain as compared to their control, sham-operated pairs. There were no significant changes in histamine concentration in the other examined tissues. The increase in brain histamine could not be attributed to the inhibition of its degradation, because activity of histamine N-methyltransferase remained unchanged for at least 40 days. Although the activity of histidine decarboxylase also remained unchanged when measured at a saturating concentration of L-histidine, the increase in histamine content in brain seems to be due to its enhanced synthesis brought about by increased availability of L-histidine in the tissue, as indicated by two to four times higher concentrations of this amino acid in PCA rats.     

Anastomosis Group Determination of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn (Telemorph: Thanatephorus cucumeris) Isolates from Tomatoes Grown in Aydin,Turkey and their Disease Reaction on Various Tomato Cultivars

In the Province of Aydin‐Turkey most frequently Fusarium spp. and secondly Rhizoctonia solani Kühn were isolated from the roots and crown of tomato plants. Based on affinities for hyphal fusion with test isolates, all R. solani isolates were identified as AG‐4. The tomato cultivars which were grown in soil infested with R. solani AG‐4 exhibited different reactions. From the point of symptom expression and the rate of seedling emergence Sunny 6066 F1 was found to be the most resistant cultivar, whereas Rio Grande, Rio Fuego, NDM 725, Interpeel and Konia were the most susceptible cultivars.     

感觉神经损伤后的变化及功能重建

切断家兔正中神经后,其支配区域的体感诱发电位消失,皮肤感觉神经末梢退变,正常轴浆转运中断。用桡神经浅支的尺侧分支与正中神经远端吻合后４周痛觉恢复,体感诱发电位重新出现,随修复后时间延长,该电位潜伏期缩短,波幅增高,在修复后３个月潜伏期接近正常,而波幅仅达正常值的１／２。与此同时,皮肤感觉神经末梢长出,辣根过氧化物酶逆行追踪显示,在原正中神经支配的前爪掌侧皮肤神经末梢与其胞体之间形成新的通路。本实验从功能与形态学上证明了损伤后感觉神经的功能重建。     

山东省玉米纹枯菌融合群类型及遗传多样性

从山东省14个县市区采集的玉米纹枯病标本上分离获得103个玉米纹枯菌菌株。核荧光染色确定菌丝细胞核的数目,以及利用配对培养法确定不同菌株细胞是否融合。结果表明这些菌株分别属于多核丝核菌的AG-1-IA、AG-1-IB、AG-1-IC、AG-3、AG-4-HG-I、AG-5和WAG-Z融合群和双核丝核菌的AG-Ba融合群,其中AG-1-IA类型菌株数量占菌株总数的60.19%,为优势融合群。通过inter-simple sequence repeats（ISSR）标记技术进行菌株的遗传多样性分析,获得45个ISSR分子标记,其中91.1%的片段具有多态性,表明种群间存在丰富的遗传多样性。UPGMA聚类分析将103个菌株分成6个遗传聚类群,遗传聚类群的菌株组成说明遗传群组的划分与菌株的地理来源和菌株融合群类型均存在一定的相关性。     

Numerical Simulation of Physiological Blood Flow in 2-way Coronary Artery Bypass Grafts

The Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) yields excellent results and remains the modern standard of care for treatment of occlusive disease in the cardiovascular system. However, the development of anastomotic Intimal Hyperplasia (IH) and restenosis can compromise the medium-and-long term effects of the CABG. This problem can be correlated with the geometric configuration and hemodynamics of the bypass graft. A novel geometric configuration was proposed for the CABG with two symmetrically implanted grafts for the purpose of improving the hemodynamics. Physiological blood flows in two models of bypass grafts were simulated using numerical methods. One model was for the conventional bypass configuration with a single graft (1-way model); the other model was for the proposed bypass configuration with two grafts (2-way model). The temporal and spatial distributions of hemodynamics, such as flow patterns and Wall Shear Stress (WSS) in the vicinity of the distal anastomoses, were analyzed and compared. Calculation results showed that the 2-way model possessed favorable hemodynamics with uniform longitudinal flow patterns and WSS distributions, which could decrease the probability of restenosis and improve the effect of the surgical treatment. Concerning the limitations of the 2-way bypass grafts, it is necessary to perform animal experiments to verify the viability of this novel idea for the CABG.