Responses of gill mitochondria-rich cells in Mozambique tilapia exposed to acidic environments (pH 4.0) in combination with different salinities

On exposure to hyposmotic acidic water, teleost fish suffer from decreases in blood osmolality and pH, and consequently activate osmoregulatory and acid-base regulatory mechanisms to restore disturbed ion and acid-base balances. In Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus exposed to acidic (pH 4.0) or neutral (pH 7.4-7.7) freshwater in combination with 0mM or 50mM NaCl, we examined functional and morphological changes in gill mitochondria-rich (MR) cells. We assessed gene expression of Na(+)/H(+) exchanger-3 (NHE3), Na(+)/Cl(-) cotransporter (NCC), vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase) and Na(+)/HCO(3)(-) cotransporter-1 (NBC1) in the gills. The mRNA expression of NHE3 and NCC in tilapia gills were higher in acidic freshwater than in that supplemented with 50mM NaCl, while there was no significant difference in mRNA levels of V-ATPase and NBC1. In addition, immunocytochemical observations showed that apical-NHE3 MR cells were enlarged, and frequently formed multicellular complexes with developed deep apical openings in acidic freshwater with 0mM and 50mM NaCl. These findings suggest that gill MR cells respond to external salinity and pH treatments, by parallel manipulation of osmoregulatory and acid-base regulatory mechanisms.     

Piscivory does not cause pansteatitis (yellow fat disease) in Oreochromis mossambicus from an African subtropical reservoir

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Acute aerocystitis in Nile tilapia bred in net cages and supplemented with chromium carbochelate and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Oreochromis niloticus bred in net cages were supplemented with cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) (0.3%) or chromium carbochelate (Cr) (18 mg/kg of feed) or in association (Sc + Cr), for 90 days. After this period, acute inflammation was induced in the swim bladder by inoculation of 3 × 10⁸ CFU of inactivated Streptococcus agalactiae, and another group received 0.65% saline solution (control). Twelve, 24, and 48 h after stimulation, the inflammation was evaluated through total and differential counting of accumulated cells, and through leukocyte respiratory burst in the blood, cortisolemia, glycemia and serum lysozyme concentration. The results showed that there were greater total numbers of cells in the exudate of fish inoculated with inactivated bacterium than in those injected with saline solution, with predominance of lymphocytes, thrombocytes, macrophages and granulocytes. Tilapia supplemented with Cr presented increased total numbers of cells with significant accumulation of lymphocytes and reductions in cortisolemia and glycemia, but the different treatments did not have any influence on leukocyte respiratory burst or serum lysozyme concentration. Tilapia supplemented with Sc and the Cr + Sc association did not present significant changes to the variables evaluated, despite higher accumulation of lymphocytes in the inflammatory exudate from fish treated with Sc. The results indicate that tilapia bred in net cages and supplemented with Cr presented higher total accumulation of cells at the inflammatory focus, thus indicating an increase in the inflammatory response induced by the bacterium, probably due to the reduction in cortisolemia and higher glucose consumption. Thus, supplementation with Cr had beneficial action, which facilitated development of acute inflammation induced by the bacterium, but did not affect neither leukocyte respiratory burst in the blood nor serum lysozyme concentration.     

Genetic characterization of a pure relict population of Oreochromis esculentus, an endangered tilapia

Genetic variation of the Oreochromis esculentus population from Lake Kanyaboli was studied using 24 allozyme loci and three microsatellite loci and compared with four populations of O. niloticus. Results strongly suggest that this population can be considered as pure.     

Temperature sensitivity of skeletal ontogeny in Oreochromis mossambicus

Sensitivity of skeletal ontogenesis to temperature was assessed in Mozambican tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus and culture temperature manipulations (22, 27 and 32° C) were used to establish if age or length gave the most suitable metric for standardization. Oreochromis mossambicus larval growth was composed of two growth stanzas: an initial period of rapid growth, followed by a slower growth phase. Irrespective of culture temperature chondrogenesis occurred during the first rapid growth phase and ossification was initiated during the second slower growth phase. The sequence of events and rate at which ossification occurred was much more sensitive to temperature than chondrogenesis. Cumulative counts provide a useful developmental index for skeletal ontogenesis; overall, age (effective days‐degrees) gave the best estimation of developmental status during chondrogenesis and the initiation of ossification, although standard length (as log₁₀ L _S) was a better metric for completion of ossification. The timing of development of functionally important structures, such as Meckel's cartilage, the branchial arches, the centra and the cleithrum important for breathing, feeding and swimming, was well conserved at all temperatures and may be a good index of teleost developmental stages.     

植酸酶对草鱼和新吉富罗非鱼消化酶活性的影响

植酸酶能水解植酸络合物,释放被植酸束缚的各种营养因子,因此能有效解除植酸与内源性消化酶的结合,促进消化酶的作用。本实验在全植物性饲料中添加植酸酶,研究其对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)和新吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)淀粉酶及蛋白酶比活力的影响。以全植物性饲料为阴性对照组,添加磷酸氢钙(dibasic calcium phosphate,DCP)实验组为阳性对照组,另设4个不同梯度的植酸酶实验组(250 U/kg、500 U/kg、1 000 U/kg和2 000 U/kg)。实验选取健壮、规格齐整平均体质量为(12.59±0.09)g的草鱼和平均体质量为(9.59±0.12)g的新吉富罗非鱼,分别随机分为6个组,每组5个平行,每个平行20尾鱼。养殖8周后,草鱼平均体质量(18.29±0.63)g,新吉富罗非鱼平均体质量为(24.68±1.34)g,抽样取出胃、肠和肝胰脏用来分析淀粉酶和蛋白酶比活力。结果表明,植酸酶对无胃鱼草鱼和有胃鱼罗非鱼淀粉酶及蛋白酶比活力都有显著的促进作用。相比较而言,植酸酶对罗非鱼的应用效果较明显,低剂量就能显著提高其淀粉酶及蛋白酶比活力(P<0.05)。当植酸酶添加量达到1 000 U/kg时,草鱼和罗非鱼淀粉酶及蛋白酶比活力均达到峰值,此时,罗非鱼淀粉酶和蛋白酶比活力与阳性对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),而草鱼肝胰脏蛋白酶比活力显著高于阳性对照组(P<0.05)。植酸酶2 000 U/kg实验组,罗非鱼淀粉酶和蛋白酶比活力与1 000 U/kg植酸酶实验组无显著差异(P>0.05),但草鱼肝胰脏蛋白酶比活力显著低于1 000 U/kg植酸酶实验组(P<0.05)。因此,本实验条件下,植酸酶在草鱼和新吉富罗非鱼全植物性蛋白质配合饲料中的适宜添加量均为1 000 U/kg,生产实践中可通过添加植酸酶部分替代无机磷源。     

Toxicological impact of green synthesized silver nanoparticles and protective role of different selenium type on Oreochromis niloticus: hematological and biochemical response

BackgroundThe present work aimed to detect the toxicological effects of green synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) by using Moringa Oleifera leaves extract on hematological and biochemical parameters of Oreochromis niloticus.MethodsAdult fish were exposed to two sublethal concentrations (1.95 and 3.9 ppm) of Ag-NPs against sodium selenite (0.1 ppm) and biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs); 0.1 ppm; protection role for 2 and 4 weeks. Hematological parameters; erythrocyte count (RBCs), hemoglobin content (Hb), haematocrit value (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), leucocytes (WBCs), with differential count Micronucleus (MN) and alerted cells and biochemical parameters; aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme activities, serum protein (total protein, albumin and globulin) concentration, urea, creatinine, glucose, cholesterol (Cho) and triglyceride (Tg) were detected.ResultsThe present investigation showed that Ag-NPs in different doses led to a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in RBCs, Hb, Hct, MCV, WBCs, LYM and serum proteins concentration. However, MCHC, MN, alerted cells, NEUT, AST, ALT, ALP enzyme activities, urea, creatinine, glucose, Cho and Tg showed a significant increases (p < 0.05) when compared with control group. Sodium selenite (Se) and biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) play an optimistic role in detoxification of Ag-NPs toxicity.ConclusionThe results suggest the negative impact of Ag-NPs on hematology and biochemical parameters of fish. Moreover, Se-NPs showed a full improvement of hematological and biochemical parameters more than that of sodium selenite in elimination of Ag-NPs toxicity.     

A systematic immunohistochemical survey of the distribution patterns of GH, prolactin, somatolactin, β–TSH, β–FSH, β–LH, ACTH, and α–MSH in the adenohypophysis of Oreochromis niloticus, the Nile tilapia

Fish pituitary plays a central role in the control of growth, development, reproduction and adaptation to the environment. Several types of hormone-secreting adenohypophyseal cells have been characterised and localised in diverse teleost species. The results suggest a similar distribution pattern among the species investigated. However, most studies deal with a single hormone or hormone family. Thus, we studied adjacent sections of the pituitary of Oreochromis niloticus, the tilapia, by conventional staining and immunohistochemistry with specific antisera directed against growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), somatolactin (SL), thyrotropin (beta-TSH), follicle-stimulating hormone (beta-FSH), luteinising hormone (beta-LH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH). The pituitary was characterised by a close interdigitating neighbourhood of neurohypophysis (PN) and adenohypophysis. PRL-immunoreactive and ACTH-immunoreactive cells were detected in the rostral pars distalis. GH-immunoreactive cells were present in the proximal pars distalis (PPD). A small region of the PPD contained beta-TSH-immunoreactive cells, and beta-LH-immunoreactive cells covered approximately the remaining parts. Centrally, beta-FSH-immunoreactive cells were detected in the vicinity of the GH-containing cells. Some of these cells also displayed beta-LH immunoreactivity. The pars intermedia was characterised by branches of the PN surrounded by SL-containing and alpha-MSH-immunoreactive cells. The ACTH and alpha-MSH antisera were observed to cross-react with the respective antigens. This cross-reactivity was abolished by pre-absorption. We present a complete map of the distinct localisation sites for the classical pituitary hormones, thereby providing a solid basis for future research on teleost pituitary.     

盐度对新吉富罗非鱼受精卵孵化和仔稚鱼活力的影响

研究了盐度梯度对新吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)受精卵孵化和仔鱼活力的影响。水温(28±0.5)℃下,观察比较了8个梯度的盐度(3‰、6‰、9‰、12‰、15‰、18‰、21‰、24‰)及纯净淡水(盐度为0)条件下,新吉富罗非鱼受精卵的孵化时间、孵化周期、孵化率和畸形率。同时在不同盐度条件下对4批初孵仔鱼进行耐饥饿实验,测定其不投饵存活系数(SAI)值。结果表明,新吉富罗非鱼受精卵在盐度6‰～15‰时,孵化率较高(89.0%～92.7%);盐度低于3‰和高于18‰时,孵化率较低。仔鱼生存适宜盐度3‰～15‰,最适盐度6‰～9‰。新吉富罗非鱼仔鱼在盐度0～3‰及18‰～24‰时,仔鱼的SAI值较低,不适宜仔鱼培育;盐度为6‰～15‰时,仔鱼的活力较高。仔鱼的SAI值与受精卵的孵化率呈正相关关系。