Nutrients and antinutrient constituents of Amaranthus caudatus L. Cultivated on different soils

This study investigated variations in the concentration of nutrients, antinutrients and mineral content of Amaranthus caudatus harvested from different soil types at various stages of maturity. Four out the five soils namely; sandy clay loam, silty clay loam, clayey loam and loam were experimentally formulated from primary particles of silt, clay and sand in line with the United State Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) soil triangle protocol. The unfractionated soil was used as the control. After harvesting at pre-flowering (61 days after planting), flowering (71 days after planting) and post-flowering (91 days after planting) stages, nutrient and antinutrient analyses were carried out following Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) and other referenced methods while the Inductively Coupled Plasma- Optical Emission Spectrometer was used to determine mineral compositions of the plant samples. The results of the study revealed that particle size and physicochemical properties of the soil influenced the number of minerals deposited in plant tissues. It was further observed that the nutritional properties of the plant change as plant ages. For an optimal yield of vitamins A and E, clayey loam proved to be the best soil particularly when A. caudatus is harvested before flowering but for vitamin C, sandy clayey loam yielded the highest output at the same stage. Similarly, clayey loam and loam soils yielded the highest proximate compositions at flowering and pre-flowering; however, mineral elements (micro and macro) were highest in control and loam soils.     

精准营养联合生长抑素对胃癌根治术患者的临床疗效

目的探讨生长抑素联合精准营养疗法对胃癌根治术患者术后营养指标水平和肠道菌群的影响。方法选取我院2017年10月至2019年1月收治并拟行胃癌根治术治疗的92例胃癌患者为研究对象,随机分为对照组(46例)和观察组(46例)。两组患者术后均给予常规处理。对照组患者同时给予生长抑素+常规肠外营养支持,观察组患者同时给予生长抑素+精准营养支持。于营养干预前后统计两组患者营养相关指标[体质量、血清白蛋白(ALB)、前白蛋白(PA)、淋巴细胞计数(LC)、肌酐(Ct)以及尿素氮(UN)]水平;对肠道菌群进行alpha分析,并计算肠杆菌、肠球菌、乳杆菌和双歧杆菌数量。结果营养干预前,两组患者营养相关指标水平以及肠道菌群相关指标水平之间差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。营养干预后,(1)观察组患者平均体质量以及血清ALB、PA、LC水平分别为(56.98±5.34)kg、(29.98±6.03)mg/L、(137.14±35.17)g/L、(1.15±0.26)×10⁹,对照组分别为(53.29±5.18)kg、(26.12±5.29)mg/L、(104.53±27.66)g/L、(0.82±0.18)×10⁹,两组之间差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05);(2)观察组患者肠道菌群Chao指数和Ace指数水平分别为(397.84±75.23)、(408.26±78.34),对照组分别为(362.13±66.23)、(371.19±70.09),两组之间差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05);(3)观察组患者肠道肠杆菌、肠球菌数量明显低于对照组,而乳杆菌、双歧杆菌数量明显高于对照组(均P<0.05)。结论胃癌根治术患者术后联合生长抑素和精准营养疗法能够显著改善患者的营养状况,保持肠道菌群丰度,平衡肠道菌群分布,值得临床研究和应用。     

多学科协作诊治模式下的营养干预在老年骨折患者围术期的应用

目的研究多学科协作诊治模式(MDT)下的营养干预对围术期老年骨折患者的干预效果。方法选取新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院骨科2018年9月至2019年9月收治的42例行常规治疗的围术期老年患者作为非MDT组,选取同期43例实施MDT模式并给予营养干预的围术期老年患者作为MDT组,比较两组患者术后基本情况、并发症发生情况及恢复情况。结果术后MDT组患者总蛋白、白蛋白水平均高于非MDT组,NRS2002评分、CRP、IL-6水平均低于非MDT组,差异均有统计学意义(t=-3.679 6、-4.138 8、9.073 3、-6.669 5、-4.500 2,P=0.000 4、0.000 1、0.000 1、0.000 1、0.000 1)。MDT组患者住院时间少于非MDT组,差异有统计学意义(髋关节置换术:t=2.154 8,P=0.034 1;膝关节置换术:t=2.491 9,P=0.018 9)。MDT组患者肠道功能恢复情况明显优于非MDT组,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=10.512 1,P=0.001 2)。结论 MDT模式下的营养干预能够有效促进老年骨折患者的术后康复,有利于预防并发症的发生。     

稀有鮈鲫对不同生境的选择性偏好

对不同生境的识别和选择性偏好是保障鱼类生存和繁衍的重要能力之一。以稀有鮈鲫（Gobiocypris rarus）为研究对象,使用沙、水草和石块在观测水缸中进行多种排列组合以构建不同的生境类型,基于在各区域的停留时长和中线跨越次数两项参数,测试稀有鮈鲫对不同生境类型的偏好以及营养状态、生境组成物数量、环境照度对该行为影响。结果表明,稀有鮈鲫对不同的生境类型具有明显的选择性偏好,对仅水草生境偏好程度最高,对仅石块生境的偏好程度最低。该偏好行为在24 h的禁食后变化不显著（P > 0.05）,但生境组成物数量和环境照度对该行为具有显著影响（P < 0.05）,其偏好程度随水草数量和照度的增加而增加,在包含8棵水草及1 000 lx的照度下最高。     

野生藏酋猴冬季食物组成及营养成分

觅食是获取营养物质和能量的重要途经。对于栖息在四季分明地区的灵长类动物而言,低温以及食物资源相对匮乏的冬季是其生存和生长发育的瓶颈期。本研究以安徽黄山的野生藏酋猴（Macaca thibetana）天湖山群为对象,于2019年11月至2020年1月采用瞬时扫描取样法（Instantaneous scan sampling）采集猴群觅食行为数据,并分析其冬季食物组成及食物中各化学成分含量对取食的影响。结果显示,野生藏酋猴在冬季共取食23科31属34种植物,主要包括壳斗科（Fagaceae,21.62%）、樟科（Lauraceae,17.57%）、蔷薇科（Rosaceae,8.11%）的植物,取食部位以叶片（66.22%）和果实（种子）（24.32%）为主。不同取食部位的水分、总糖、淀粉、脂肪、单宁等成分存在显著差异。其中,叶片的水分含量高于果实（种子）、茎和芽,茎和果实（种子）含有较高的总糖,果实（种子）的淀粉和脂肪含量最高,芽的单宁含量最高。此外,取食植物中的总糖含量高于非取食植物。结果表明,野生藏酋猴适应寒冷冬季与食物匮乏的觅食策略是对植物种类、植物部位及其主要营养成分的综合结果。     

Cyanidin-3- O -β-glucopyranoside Protects Myocardium and Erythrocytes from Oxygen Radical-mediated Damages

The cyanidin-3- O - &#103 -glucopyranoside (C-3-G) antioxidant capacity towards reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated damages was assessed in tissue and cells submitted to increased oxidative stress. In the isolated ischemic and reperfused rat heart, 10 or 30 &#119 M C-3-G protected from both lipid peroxidation (66.7 and 94% inhibition of malondialdehyde (MDA) generation in 10 and 30 &#119 M C-3-G-reperfused hearts, respectively, in comparison with control reperfused hearts) and energy metabolism impairment (higher ATP concentration in 10 and 30 &#119 M C-3-G-reperfused hearts than in control reperfused hearts). These effects were associated to C-3-G permeation within myocardial cells, as indicated by results obtained in the isolated rat heart perfused for 30 min in the recirculating Langendorff mode under normoxia with 10 and 30 &#119 M C-3-G. Protective effects were exerted, in a dose-dependent manner, by C-3-G also in 2 mM hydrogen peroxide-treated human erythrocytes. With respect to MDA formation, an apparent IC 50 of 5.12 &#119 M was calculated for C-3-G (the polyphenol resveratrol used for comparison showed an apparent IC 50 of 38.43 &#119 M). The general indications are that C-3-G (largely diffused in dietary plants and fruits, such as pigmented oranges very common in the Mediterranean diet) represents a powerful natural antioxidant with beneficial effects in case of increased oxidative stress, and at pharmacological concentrations it is able to decrease tissue damages occurring in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion.     

江苏盐城湿地麋鹿冬季食性研究

2017年12月至2018年3月在江苏盐城湿地珍禽国家级自然保护区,利用粪便显微组织学分析技术结合野外直接观察法对麋鹿(Elaphurus davidianus)冬季食性和食物营养成分进行了分析。野外调查在7条样线上共收集228堆麋鹿粪便,组成14个复合样本进行分析。结果表明,麋鹿冬季食物来源于14科51种植物,其中,芦苇(Phragmites australis,23.09%)和互花米草(Spartina alterniflora,17.58%)为最主要食物,其次为盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa,6.50%)、白茅(Imperata cylindrica,5.36%)、獐毛(Aeluropus sinensis,4.90%)、苇状羊茅(Festucas arundinacea,3.83%)、扁秆藨草(Scirpus planiculmis,3.45%)、碱蓬(Suaeda glauca,3.27%)、碱茅(Puccinellia distans,3.12%)、黑麦草(Lolium perenne,2.60%)和茵陈蒿(Artemisia capillaris,2.60%)。麋鹿冬季食物以草本植物为主(96.73%),极少采食木本植物枝叶(3.27%)。被啃食植物中粗蛋白含量基本满足麋鹿越冬营养需求。     

A new adduct of iriflophene and flavonoid from Sedum aizoon L.

A new adduct of iriflophene and flavonoid, 1, 8, 10, 10b-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxy-5a-(3,4-dihydr- oxyphenyl)-9-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)-5a,10b-dihydro-11H-benzofuro[2,3-b]chromen-11-one (1), together with six known compounds were isolated from the EtOH extract from Sedum aizoon L. Their chemical structures were elucidated by analyses of spectral data. The chemotaxonomic analysis of the compounds was discussed, compounds 1–4 provide important chemotaxonomic markers for S. aizoon.     

三角鲂和长春鳊肌肉营养成分分析与品质评价

用常规方法测定、分析了三角鲂(Megalobrama tarminalis)和长春鳊(Parabramis pekinensis肌肉中营养成分组成与含量.结果显示,三角鲂肌肉蛋白质、脂肪含量分别为18.19％和3.06％,长春鳊肌肉蛋白质、脂肪含量分别为19.38％和2.89％.三角鲂和长春鳊肌肉中均检测出18种氨基酸,其中包括了8种人体必需氨基酸.三角鲂肌肉中氨基酸总量为76.27％,其中,8种人体必需氨基酸含量为32.17％,占氨基酸总量的42.18％;长春鳊肌肉中氨基酸总量为77.60％,其中,8种人体必需氨基酸含量为31.70％,占氨基酸总量的40.85％.必需氨基酸的构成比例基本符合FAO/WHO的标准.三角鲂肌肉中限制性氨基酸主要为甲硫氨酸加胱氨酸,必需氨基酸指数为63.55,4种呈味氨基酸为氨基酸总量的32.81％;长春鳊肌肉中限制性氨基酸主要为色氨酸,必需氨基酸指数为66.81,4种呈味氨基酸为氨基酸总量的33.80％.脂肪酸中二十碳五烯酸(EPA)与二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量均较高,三角鲂为7.96％,长春鳊为3.11％.矿物元素比值合理.以上分析表明,三角鲂和长春鳊均为营养价值、经济价值都较高的优质鱼类,相比而言,三角鲂肌肉脂肪、脂肪酸含量和质量更优,而长春鳊肌肉在蛋白质、氨基酸组成与含量方面更优.     

岩溶区不同植被下土壤水溶解无机碳含量及其稳定碳同位素组成特征

自2010年7月至2011年7月对重庆青木关岩溶区典型植被下的土壤水进行了月动态取样,分析了土壤水溶解无机碳含量(DIC浓度)及其稳定碳同位素组成(δ13CDIC值)的时空变化特征,以揭示岩溶土壤系统碳酸盐岩溶蚀作用及其碳汇效应。研究结果表明:草地和针叶林地土壤水的DIC浓度和δ13CDIC值相对较低,分别为59.12 mg/L和-17.22‰,31.47 mg/L和-16.37‰;而旱地、灌丛地、退耕还林地土壤水具有较高的DIC浓度和δ13CDIC值,分别达153.88 mg/L和-12.2‰,221.82 mg/L和-11.9‰,97.30 mg/L和-11.23‰,其中灌丛和退耕还林地的δ13CDIC值与DIC浓度呈正比,且雨季较旱季偏高约4‰—5‰。根据δ13CDIC值,结合各植被类型下土壤水DIC浓度与其相应的土壤碳酸盐含量呈正相关,判断旱地、灌丛地、退耕还林地等岩溶土壤水中的DIC主要来自土壤中碳酸盐岩矿物的碳酸溶蚀,即岩溶土壤中存在着碳酸盐岩碳酸溶蚀作用,从而在一定程度上减少了土壤系统向大气排放的CO2量。