Diurnal variation of phytoplankton in Loch Lomond

A study of diurnal variation over a 48 hour period was undertaken in July 1973 to ascertain the extent and timing of some major chemical, physical and biological variables in Loch Lomond. The phytoplankton population was dominated by the diatom Tabellaria fenestrata, with a maximum abundance between 04.00 and 06.00 h in surface waters on both days. A distinct diurnal variation in cell numbers was also recorded. Chlorophyll a values also showed a regular pattern of variation with a single peak between 10.00 and 14.00 h each day. Some chemical changes appeared to be a direct consequence of phytoplankton multiplication. Nitrate-nitrogen showed a decrease in concentration coinciding with the period of cell multiplication, whereas dissolved silica concentrations only fell on the completion of this process. Other common diatoms displayed less distinct patterns of variation although Fragilaria crotonensis attained its maximum abundance in surface waters. Considerable variation was recorded in the number of organisms and chlorophyll a levels at 25 cm intervals in the upper metre of the water column, with large variations in standing-crop and chemical parameters in the space of one hour. Diurnal oscillations in the position of the thermocline were recorded, with the thermal discontinuity being at its greatest depth in the early hours of the morning. The hypolimnion and thermocline regions clearly acted as a source of nutrient supply to the epilimnion. From this investigation it is apparent that for the proper understanding of diurnal variation a 24 hour study alone is insufficient and may give rise to misleading results.Department of Botany, University of GlasgowDepartment of Botany, University of Glasgow     

安徽马尾松人工林营养元素分配格局的研究

本文系统地研究了马尾松人工林营养元素的分配格局。结果表明马尾松不同器官营养元素含量是叶>枝皮>干皮>枝木>干木;同化器官——针叶中营养元素含量规律为N>K>Ca>Mg>P,非同化器官为Ca>N>K>Mg>P;不同器官营养元素的贮量为干木>干皮>叶>枝木>枝皮,同化器官对不同营养元素的贮量呈N>K>Ca>Mg>P,非同化器官为Ca>N>K>Mg>P;不同立地条件下,马尾松林生产1t干物质所贮存的营养元素不同,立地条件愈好,营养元素效率愈高,贮存愈少;母岩、土层厚度和养分总量是影响马尾松林地上各器官,特别是针叶营养元素含量的重要因子,土壤N、P含量越高,马尾松人工林生物量越大。     

Short-term effects of temperature enhancement on growth and reproduction of alpine grassland species

In order to study the effects of temperature enhancement on alpine calcareous grassland species, a warming experiment was carried out in the Berchtesgaden National Park (Southeast Germany, Northern Calcareous Alps) between 2002 and 2004. The study was conducted in stands of the Carex sempervirens and the Carex firma communities; the two most widespread grassland types in the alpine zone of the Northern Calcareous Alps. The temperature of the vegetation stand and the upper soil was passively enhanced using open top chambers (OTCs). The construction of the OTCs was appropriate since temperature was clearly increased while water conditions (humidity, soil water content) were not changed.

By comparing manipulated (temperature enhancement) with non-manipulated plots, the effects of warming on growth and reproduction of selected key species were studied. To test if vegetation response to temperature enhancement is at least partly due to increases in nutrient availability, soil solution concentrations of nitrate and ammonium were analysed.

We found that most of the studied plant species are sensitive to temperature enhancement. Growth and/or reproduction of 12 of the 14 studied species were significantly stimulated by warming. Only two species showed no response; none of the species experienced decreases in growth or reproduction. Dwarf shrubs and graminoids showed a stronger response than herbaceous perennials. A significant effect of warming on nutrient availability could not be detected. The observed response of vegetation is therefore mainly caused by direct and not by indirect temperature effects.     

鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林植物营养元素含量分配格局研究

在鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林中,植物叶片营养元素含量为Ｎ ０．９４６％－２．５３５％,Ｐ ０．０３０－０．１２７％,Ｋ ０．６１４％－１．８３３％,Ｃａ ０．４４２％－１．９９５％,Ｍｇ ０．０２４％－０．１８８％。叶片各营养养元素间相关性较差,仅Ｐ与Ｍｇ及Ｍｇ与Ｋ之间存在显著的线性相关。叶片Ｎ元素平均含量在各层中的序列为：乔木Ⅲ〉乔木Ⅱ〉乔木Ⅰ〉灌木〉藤本〉草本;其它营养元素浓度随层次分配的规律性     

Clonal differences in rooting ofAlnus incana leafy cuttings

Summary Green cuttings ofAlnus incana (L.) Moench, consisting of one internode and one leaf with its axillary bud, were easily rooted in aerated liquid substrate under growth-chamber conditions. In tests on material of up to 8 years-old, the age of the stock plants was shown to have no influence on rooting. Tap water or a diluted nutrient solution gave higher rooting percentages than a full strength nutrient solution. Root growth was most rapid in the diluted nutrient solution. Eight out of 9 clones ofA. incana gave a rooting percentage of 80–100% while one clone gave only 40%. Good rooting ofA. incana leafy cuttings, therefore, seems to be genetically controlled.     

Nitrogen vs. phosphorus limitation across an ecotonal gradient in a mangrove forest

Mangrove forests are characterized by distinctive tree-height gradientsthat reflect complex spatial, within-stand differences in environmentalfactors,including nutrient dynamics, salinity, and tidal inundation, across narrowgradients. To determine patterns of nutrient limitation and the effects ofnutrient availability on plant growth and within-stand nutrient dynamics, weused a factorial experiment with three nutrient treatment levels (control, N,P)and three zones along a tree-height gradient (fringe, transition, dwarf) onoffshore islands in Belize. Transects were laid out perpendicular to theshoreline across a mangrove forest from a fringe stand along the seaward edge,through a stand of intermediate height, into a dwarf stand in the interior ofthe island. At three sites, three trees were fertilized per zone for 2yr. Although there was spatial variability in response, growth byR. mangle was generally nitrogen (N) -limited in thefringe zone;phosphorus (P) -limited in the dwarf zone; and, N- and/or P-limited in thetransition zone. Phosphorus-resorption efficiency decreased in all three zones,and N-resorption efficiency increased in the dwarf zone in response to Penrichment. The addition of N had no effect on either P or N resorptionefficiencies. Belowground decomposition was increased by P enrichment in allzones, whereas N enrichment had no effect. This study demonstrated thatessential nutrients are not uniformly distributed within mangrove ecosystems;that soil fertility can switch from conditions of N to P limitation acrossnarrow ecotonal gradients; and, that not all ecological processes respondsimilarly to, or are limited by, the same nutrient.     

增温及隔离降水对杉木幼树细根生物量、形态及养分特征的影响

为揭示全球变暖和降水格局改变对我国中亚热带地区森林生态系统地下生态过程的影响,在福建三明森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站内开展杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)幼树土壤增温和隔离降水双因子试验,研究增温和隔离降水在夏季对杉木幼树细根生物量、形态及养分特征的影响。结果表明,增温(+5℃,W)、隔离降水(–50%,P)和增温+隔离降水(WP)处理的细根总生物量分别比对照(CT)显著降低35.7%、51.7%和59.1%,P和WP处理的细根总生物量分别比W处理显著降低24.9%和36.4%;W、P和WP处理的0~1 mm细根比根长(specific root length,SRL)比对照均显著增加,而0~1和1~2 mm细根比表面积(specific root area,SRA)均无显著变化;与对照相比,W处理的细根N含量、C/N和δ¹⁵N均无显著变化,P处理的细根N含量和C/N分别显著增加和下降,WP处理的细根N含量和δ¹⁵N显著增加,而C/N显著降低。因此,未来在全球变暖和降水减少的双重环境胁迫下,调整表层细根形态特征可能不是杉木幼树的主要应对策略;而相较于温度升高,降水减少可能是影响杉木幼树细根生物量及表层化学元素分配的主要环境因子。     

Variation in the nutritional value of leaf and stem fractions of nineteen leucaena lines

In two experiments, 2.5-month-old edible regrowth of the genus Leucaena (varying in tolerance to the leucaena psyllid pest attack) were analysed for nutritive value. In Experiment 1, forage of nine lines was separated into young leaves, young stems (within woody fraction < 5 mm diameter), old leaves and old stems (within a woody fraction 5-10 mm diameter) whereas in Experiment 2, forage of the other 10 lines was separated in main stem leaves, branch leaves, young branches, young main stems, old main stems and old branches for analysis. Major differences were recorded between lines and forage fractions. Nutrient contents in dry matter were: nitrogen 0.7-4.8%, phosphorus 0.1-0.3%, potassium 0.2-2.5%, calcium 0.2-1.6%, magnesium 0.1-0.6%, acid detergent fibre 20-63%, lignin 8-23% and in vitro dry matter digestibility 15-69%. The leaves and immature fractions were higher in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and digestibility but lower in calcium, magnesium and fibre. Nutrient content in L. Leucocephala lines exceeded that in L. esculenta, L. diversifolia, leucaena hybrids and the composites. Based on the data, a management strategy that will promote young growth is suggested as appropriate for high quality forage production.     

特种稻不育系巨胚813A的选育与研究

用350 Gy剂量的Co60-γ射线照射水稻三系保持系813B种子,获得巨胚突变体,命名为巨胚813B（简称813geB）。用巨胚813B回交813A育成特种稻不育系-巨胚813A（简称813geA）。对巨胚813B及巨胚813A的生物学特性进行研究,结果表明：巨胚813A与813A的主要农艺性状、雄性不育性及产量构成因素均无明显差异。巨胚813B与813B具有相似的农艺性状,但绝对胚重由0.61mg提高到1.36mg,相对胚重由2.70%提高到6.96%。巨胚813B糙米的蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维及必需氨基酸含量均比813B高。其中蛋白质含量9.77%,比813B提高了8.80%;粗脂肪含量5.28%,比813B提高了87.23%;8种必需氨基酸含量均有提高。利用巨胚恢复系与巨胚813A可组配成巨胚杂交稻。