Vitamin E supplementation modifies adaptive responses to training in rat skeletal muscle

Abstract

Aim of the present study was to test, by vitamin E treatment, the hypothesis that muscle adaptive responses to training are mediated by free radicals produced during the single exercise sessions. Therefore, we determined aerobic capacity of tissue homogenates and mitochondrial fractions, tissue content of mitochondrial proteins and expression of factors (PGC-1, NRF-1, and NRF-2) involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. Moreover, we determined the oxidative damage extent, antioxidant enzyme activities, and glutathione content in both tissue preparations, mitochondrial ROS production rate. Finally we tested mitochondrial ROS production rate and muscle susceptibility to oxidative stress. The metabolic adaptations to training, consisting in increased muscle oxidative capacity coupled with the proliferation of a mitochondrial population with decreased oxidative capacity, were generally prevented by antioxidant supplementation. Accordingly, the expression of the factors involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, which were increased by training, was restored to the control level by the antioxidant treatment. Even the training-induced increase in antioxidant enzyme activities, glutathione level and tissue capacity to oppose to an oxidative attach were prevented by vitamin E treatment. Our results support the idea that the stimulus for training-induced adaptive responses derives from the increased production, during the training sessions, of reactive oxygen species that stimulates the expression of PGC-1, which is involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant enzymes expression. On the other hand, the observation that changes induced by training in some parameters are only attenuated by vitamin E treatment suggests that other signaling pathways, which are activated during exercise and impinge on PGC-1, can modify the response to the antioxidant integration.     

Exercise training provides cardioprotection via a reduction in reactive oxygen species in rats submitted to myocardial infarction induced by isoproterenol

Exercise training has demonstrated cardioprotection effects. However, the exact mechanism behind this effect is not is clear. The present study evaluated the effects of 12 weeks of previous treadmill training on the levels of oxidative damage, antioxidant enzyme activity and injury in the myocardium of rats submitted to infarction induced by isoproterenol (ISO). Isoproterenol treatment (80 mg/kg given over 2 days in two equal doses) caused arrhythmias and 60% mortality within 24 h of the last injection in the control group (C + ISO) group when compared with the saline control group (saline). Creatine Kinase ? MB levels were markedly increased in hearts from ISO-treated animals in the C + ISO group. Twelve weeks of treadmill training reduced superoxide production, lipid peroxidation levels and protein carbonylation in these animals, as well as increasing the activities and expressions of SOD and CAT. Previous training also reduced CK-MB levels and numbers of deaths by 40%, preventing the deleterious effects of ISO. Based on the data obtained in this study, it is suggested that 12-week treadmill training increases antioxidant enzymes, decreases oxidative damage and reduces the degree of infarction induced by ISO in the hearts of male rats.     

Investigation of the Molecular Nature of Low-molecular-mass Cobalt(II) Ions in Isolated Osteoarthritic Knee-joint Synovial Fluid

High field ¹H NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that addition of Co(II) ions to osteoarthritic knee-joint synovial fluid (SF) resulted in its complexation by a range of biomolecules, the relative efficacies of these complexants/chelators being citrate ? histidine ～ threonine?glycine ～ glutamate ～ glutamine ～ phenylalanine ～ tyrosine > formate > lactate?alanine > valine > acetate > pyruvate > creatinine, this order reflecting the ability of these ligands to compete for the available Co(II) in terms of (1) thermodynamic equilibrium constants for the formation of their complexes and (2) their SF concentrations. Since many of these SF Co(II) complexants (e.g. histidinate) serve as powerful ^?OH scavengers, the results acquired indicate that any of this radical generated from the Co(II) source in such complexes via Fenton or pseudo-Fenton reaction systems will be “site-specifically” scavenged. The significance of these observations with regard to cobalt toxicity and the in vivo corrosion of cobalt-containing metal alloy joint prostheses (e.g. CoCr alloys) is discussed.     

Integrated analysis of genetic,genomic and proteomic data

The rapid expansion of methods for measuring biological data ranging from DNA sequence variations to mRNA expression and protein abundance presents the opportunity to utilize multiple types of information jointly in the study of human health and disease. Organisms are complex systems that integrate inputs at myriad levels to arrive at an observable phenotype. Therefore, it is essential that questions concerning the etiology of phenotypes as complex as common human diseases take the systemic nature of biology into account, and integrate the information provided by each data type in a manner analogous to the operation of the body itself. While limited in scope, the initial forays into the joint analysis of multiple data types have yielded interesting results that would not have been reached had only one type of data been considered. These early successes, along with the aforementioned theoretical appeal of data integration, provide impetus for the development of methods for the parallel, high-throughput analysis of multiple data types. The idea that the integrated analysis of multiple data types will improve the identification of biomarkers of clinical endpoints, such as disease susceptibility, is presented as a working hypothesis.     

Effects of 6 months of endurance training on neutrophil functions to produce reactive oxygen species and mental states in male long‐distance runners

To clarify changes of neutrophil functions, mental conditions and relationships among them, 19 male elite long‐distance runners participated in this study for 6 months. Examinations, with informed consent, were carried out once a month. According to the results of physical characteristics, it was thought that training intensity was reduced after the main race, Hakone‐Ekiden. Neutrophil functions were estimated by indices of reactive oxygen species production, determined by luminol‐ and lucigenin‐dependent chemiluminescence (LmCL and LgCL, respectively) and cytochrome c reduction methods. The peak times (PT) in LmCL and LgCL (LgPT) were most prolonged in January and December, respectively. The peak heights (PH) in LmCL (LmPH) were enhanced in February. Decreased levels of negative categories in the profile of mood state (POMS) questionnaire and the total mood state (TMS) of POMS were observed in February without significance. Correlation analysis using measured values revealed significant negative correlation between LmPH and negative categories in POMS; however, these correlations were possibly a mere appearance, caused by personal differences. After eliminating personal differences, LgPT correlated positively to depression (p < 0.05), anger (p < 0.05), fatigue (p < 0.01) and TMS (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the mean time from the recognition of foreign matter to the maximum production of superoxide from neutrophils is prolonged in the mentally suppressed conditions found under continuous physical training. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Safety and immunomodulatory effects of allogeneic canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells transplanted into the region of the lacrimal gland,the gland of the third eyelid and the knee joint

Background aimsMesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been extensively studied as a cellular therapeutic for various pathologic conditions. However, there remains a paucity of data regarding regional and systemic safety of MSC transplantations, particularly with multiple deliveries of allogeneic cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the safety and systemic immunomodulatory effects of repeated local delivery of allogeneic MSCs into the region of the lacrimal gland, the gland of the third eyelid and the knee joint in dogs.MethodsAllogeneic adipose tissue-derived canine MSCs were delivered to the regions of the lacrimal gland and the third eyelid gland as well as in the knee joints of six healthy laboratory beagles as follows: six times with 1-week intervals for delivery to the lacrimal gland and the third eyelid gland regions and three to four times with 1- to 2-week intervals for intra-articular transplantations. Dogs were sequentially evaluated by clinical examination. At the conclusion of the study, dogs were humanely euthanized, and a complete gross and histopathologic examination of all organ systems was performed. Mixed leukocyte reactions were also performed before the first transplantation and after the final transplantation.ResultsClinical and pathologic examinations found no severe consequences after repeated MSC transplantations. Results of mixed leukocyte reactions demonstrated suppression of T-cell proliferation after MSC transplantations.ConclusionsThis is the first study to demonstrate regional and systemic safety and systemic immunomodulatory effects of repeated local delivery of allogeneic MSCs in vivo.     

早期强化步行基本功训练对脑卒中的预后分析

目的：分析早期强化步行基本功训练对脑卒中预后的影响。方法：选取我院2008年10月一2011年10月收治的176例恢复期脑卒中患者,按照随机数字表分为观察组及对照组,各88例,均接受常规药物治疗和康复训练,观察组在此基础上接受早期强化步行基本功训练,对比两组患者的预后。结果：两组患者治疗后FMA—LE、BBS及MBI评分均见上升,观察组较对照组上升程度更为明显（P〈0．05）,T2时期观察组评分亦见升高,而对照组评分与T1时期相比无明显统计学差异（P〉0．05）;两组患者治疗后步长、步宽及步速均见上升,观察组较对照组上升程度更为明显（P〈0．05）,T2时期观察组步态参数亦见升高,而对照组步态参数与T1时期相比无明显统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论：早期强化步行基本功训练能够有效改善脑卒中患者下肢运动功能和平衡能力,保证治疗后步行功能,避免生活质量下降,该康复方法值得广泛推广。     

HSPRO acts via SnRK1-mediated signaling in the regulation of Nicotiana attenuata seedling growth promoted by Piriformospora indica

Nicotiana attenuata HSPRO (NaHSPRO) is a negative regulator of seedling growth promoted by the fungus Piriformospora indica. Homologs of NaHSPRO in Arabidopsis thaliana (i.e., AtHSPRO1 and AtHSPRO2) are known to physically interact with the AKINβγ subunit of the SnRK1 complex.² To investigate whether NaHSPRO is associated with SnRK1 function during the stimulation of seedling growth by P. indica, we studied N. attenuata plants silenced in the expression of NaGAL83 (as-gal83 plants)—a gene that encodes for the regulatory β-subunit of SnRK1—and plants silenced in the expression of both NaHSPRO and NaGAL83 (ir-hspro/as-gal83 plants). The results showed that P. indica differentially stimulated the growth of both as-gal83 and ir-hspro/as-gal83 seedlings compared with control seedlings, with a magnitude similar to that observed in ir-hspro seedlings. Thus, we showed that, similar to NaHSPRO, NaGAL83 is a negative regulator of seedling growth stimulated by P. indica. We propose that the effect of NaHSPRO on seedling growth is associated with SnRK1 signaling.     

极耐盐碱固氮菌的分离鉴定及固氮特性研究

我国盐碱土面积约9913万hm²,其中pH值高于9、盐含量大于0.6%的重度盐碱地每年以1.4%的速率增长。利用固氮微生物改善植物根际环境,提高作物产量,是盐碱地改良的重要方法。[目的] 从来自海南省三沙市热带珊瑚岛礁的土壤中,分离鉴定自生固氮菌,为极端盐碱地改良提供候选菌株。[方法] 通过形态学观察、生理生化特征分析和16S rRNA序列测定等方法进行菌种鉴定,分析其固氮、耐盐碱和促生长特性,盆栽试验验证其对玉米主要农艺性状的影响。[结果] 获得1株极端耐盐碱的固氮细菌DJ-1,其菌落呈圆形,菌体杆状,大小（0.5-1.3）μm×（0.3-0.5）μm,革兰氏染色阴性,与根癌土壤杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens）的16S rRNA序列高度同源,确定其为根癌土壤杆菌。DJ-1在pH 9、NaCl含量为1%-4%的培养基上可正常生长,能耐受pH 12、NaCl含量8%的环境。从中克隆到固氮酶基因nifH。盆栽试验结果表明,DJ-1可显著促进玉米生长。[结论] 菌株DJ-1能耐受极端盐碱条件,且具有较强的固氮和促生长能力,有可能作为贫瘠盐碱耕地改良功能菌剂的候选菌株。