Colonization genetics of an animal-dispersed plant (Vaccinium membranaceum) at Mount St Helens, Washington

Population founding and spatial spread may profoundly influence later population genetic structure, but their effects are difficult to quantify when population history is unknown. We examined the genetic effects of founder group formation in a recently founded population of the animal-dispersed Vaccinium membranaceum (black huckleberry) on new volcanic deposits at Mount St Helens (Washington, USA) 24 years post-eruption. Using amplified fragment length polymorphisms and assignment tests, we determined sources of the newly founded population and characterized genetic variation within new and source populations. Our analyses indicate that while founders were derived from many sources, about half originated from a small number of plants that survived the 1980 eruption in pockets of remnant soil embedded within primary successional areas. We found no evidence of a strong founder effect in the new population; indeed genetic diversity in the newly founded population tended to be higher than in some of the source regions. Similarly, formation of the new population did not increase among-population genetic variance, and there was no evidence of kin-structured dispersal in the new population. These results indicate that high gene flow among sources and long-distance dispersal were important processes shaping the genetic diversity in this young V. membranaceum population. Other species with similar dispersal abilities may also be able to colonize new habitats without significant reduction in genetic diversity or increase in differentiation among populations.     

江西省三清山长柄双花木优势群落研究

对世界自然遗产地三清山长柄双花木（D isanthus cercidifolius subsp. longipes）优势群落进行了野外调查和分析,结果表明：三清山长柄双花木优势群落为多优势种并存的中亚热带中山常绿阔叶林群落,乔木层的次优势种不明显。长柄双花木是该群落的关键种之一。在植物区系特征上,该群落优势种既具有温带性质又具中亚热带性质,在整体上表现出温带性质和亚热带性质交汇的特点。群落的物种多样性指数和频度指数为：SP=0.92、SW=4.20、E=0.94、E′=0.79。三清山长柄双花木优势群落与江西官山和湖南千家洞长柄双花木群落相比,三地群落存在一定差异,但三清山长柄双花木群落多样性指数和均匀度均高于另两地。三清山和千家洞的长柄双花木群落结构更相似;官山的长柄双花木群落为山地灌丛,群落结构单一,样地中长柄双花木占绝对优势。通过分析三地气象资料和群落特点,表明不同地区长柄双花木群落的差异与年降水量和年平均日照时数相关,而与年平均气温无直接相关关系。     

Causes of plant community divergence in the early stages of volcanic succession

Question: How do temporal changes in plant communities occur after volcanic eruptions? What characteristics determine successional divergence or convergence? Location: The summit area of Mount Usu, northern Japan, completely destroyed by 1‐3 m of thick ash and pumice during the 1977‐1978 eruptions. Habitats were classified into three types: gullies where the pre‐eruption topsoil was exposed due to the erosion of tephra (EG), gullies covered with tephra (CG), and outside of gullies covered with thick tephra (OG). Methods: Plant community structure was monitored for 15 years from 1983 to 1997 in 14 2 m × 5 m permanent plots. The data were summarized by species diversity, life form, and the detrended correspondence analysis. Results: The common species were perennial herbaceous plants, but habitat preferences differed between species. Seed bank species, including a nitrogen fixer Trifolium repens, were dominant in EG, and excluded the establishment of the later colonists. Pioneer trees slowly increased in cover. The detrended correspondence analysis indicated that species composition in the earlier stages did not differ greatly between plots. Thereafter, three patterns of temporal community changes were observed: seed bank species persisted in EG, and in OG and CG forest development proceeded or community structure did not change greatly. Conclusion: Pre‐eruption topsoil contributed to revegetation by the supply of seed bank and nutrients in the earliest stages, but resulted in the delay of forest development due to the persistence of seed bank species. Plant community divergence was driven by the persistence of earlier colonists.     

Comparisons of recruitment, survival, and growth in invasive and native saplings on a volcano

We monitored the recruitment, survival, and growth of tree saplings on invasive (Larix kaempferi) versus native species (Betula and Populus) using 16 20 m × 20 m plots established along elevation gradient on the volcano Mount Koma, Japan, for 7 years because the sapling behaviors should determine forest structures. The crowding of overstory consists mostly of Larix decreased with increasing elevation. Larix recruits were conspicuous, particularly at middle elevation where overstory crowding was intermediate, while Betula recruits were least. Larix overstory crowding inhibited the recruitment of all the taxa, although intermediate crowding promoted the recruitment of Larix. The restriction of sapling emergence was conspicuous at lower elevation where the overstory crowding was highest, probably because of shading, and/or competition with overstory trees. Sapling recruitment for all taxa was restricted at higher elevation, due to high stresses derived from direct solar radiation and strong wind without overstory. The survival of saplings was 96% for Larix and Betula, while it was ca. 50% for Populus. Larix overstory decreased the survival and growth of all the taxa, except Larix survival and Betula growth. The results implied that Larix could establish by high survival once the recruits succeeded everywhere and native sapling regeneration was restricted by Larix overstory. Strong recruitment, survival, and growth of Larix, together with resistance to overstory crowding, enables it to dominate and persist in such disturbed areas regardless of the canopy closure.     

Systematic revision of the genus Everettia Godwin‐Austen, 1891 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Dyakiidae) in Sabah,northern Borneo

The species of the snail genus Everettia in the Malaysian state of Sabah are superficially similar and difficult to distinguish by their shells. This paper presents new data on the taxonomy and distribution of Everettia in Sabah that have accumulated since the revision by Godwin‐Austen in 1891. By using morphological and molecular phylogenetic approaches, we reveal at least seventeen species of Everettia in Sabah, of which eleven are new to science, namely: Everettia layanglayang sp. nov. , Everettia lapidini sp. nov. , Everettia paulbasintali sp. nov. , Everettia occidentalis sp. nov. , Everettia jasilini sp. nov. , Everettia safriei sp. nov. , Everettia interior sp. nov. , Everettia jucundior sp. nov. , Everettia planispira sp. nov. , Everettia monticola sp. nov. , and Everettia dominiki sp. nov. , and one new subspecies, namely, Everettia corrugata williamsi ssp. nov. Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial COI and 16S, and nuclear ITS‐1 sequences demonstrates the monophyly of most of the morphologically well‐defined species. Our results show that certain aspects of classical morphology‐based taxonomy for Everettia species, especially with regard to the unique combination of shell surface sculptures, animal head colour, and mantle pigmentation, are solid. A dichotomous key to the Sabah species and subspecies of Everettia is provided. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 157 , 515–550.     

江西三清山兰科植物区系分析

江西省三清山兰科植物资源丰富,约21属30种,占江西省兰科植物属种的56.76%、38.46%,占中国兰科植物属种的12.28%、2.41%。区内兰科植物生活型以地生兰为主;分布区式样以温带型为主;区系成分分散,缺乏本地特有成分。与各山地的相似性以及属种分布型比较显示,三清山与5山地在属级水平上相似性系数高,兰科植物区系联系比较紧密,从属分布区类型看,三清山、黄山、天目山和庐山以北温带分布为主,井冈山和武夷山以热带亚洲-热带大洋洲为主;在种级水平上相似性系数较低,种分布区类型均以东亚和中国特有分布为主。按生态型划分,地生兰为主,附生兰为辅,三清山和黄山只有两生态类型,武夷山、天目山、井冈山和庐山生态类型齐全。最后,依据"中国物种红色名录"对各山地珍稀濒危保护物种进行归纳统计。     

山区夏季地表温度的影响因素——以泰山为例

以泰山为例,应用夏季的Landsat 5的TM6为基本数据源,基于单窗算法定量反演了泰山地表面温度(LST),在此基础上首先探讨了LST与地形因子的关系,然后比较了归一化水汽指数(NDMI)和归一化植被指数(NDVI)在表达山区LST上的效力,最后利用逐步回归分析法,构建出LST与地形因子、NDMI的回归方程,应用偏相关系数,得出各个因子对LST的影响程度。结果表明:1)在地形因子中,影响LST的主要因素是海拔,随海拔升高呈自然对数形式降低,相比而言,坡度、坡向以及太阳入射能量的影响则很小;2)在没有水体时,NDVI与NDMI都能有效地表达山区的LST,LST与NDVI间是二次项负相关关系,与NDMI间是线性负相关关系,在表达LST上NDMI比NDVI更有效;3)综合分析表明,地表水汽特征是其表面温度最主要的影响因素,其次是海拔。研究结果将为山区地表温度空间分异性特征及形成机制的研究提供科学的参考。     

长白山北坡暗针叶林群落特征

长白山北坡的暗针叶林带分布海拔为１１００～１８５０ｍ,在野外调查的基础上,对暗针叶林沿海拔梯度物种组成的分布格局进行了研究。文中用α和β多样性指数来度量森林群落的多样性,用群落系数（本质上是一种β多样性指数）来度量不同群落或样地间的相似性,同时用欧氏距离和Ｗａｒｄ法对所有样地进行了聚类分析。研究结果表明主要树种云杉和冷杉在整个暗针叶林带均分布,而伴生树种和多数灌木出现于一定海拔范围内;沿海拔梯度物     

江西三清山被子植物调查研究

三清山有被子植物1602种(包括变种、变型),隶属691属148科,其中双子叶植物1300种544属122科,单子叶植物302种147属26科。本文主要分析三清山被子植物区系特征及珍稀濒危物种保护。