激光辐照选育水稻新品系的过程及酯酶同工酶的分析

激光辐照选育的435与1002早籼新晶系比湘早籼7号早热,高产,米质好。醋酶同工酶多2—3条带,酶活性增强,增产潜力大。     

Carryover effects from environmental change in early life: An overlooked driver of the amphibian extinction crisis?

Ecological carryover effects, or delayed effects of the environment on an organism's phenotype, are central predictors of individual fitness and a key issue in conservation biology. Climate change imposes increasingly variable environmental conditions that may be challenging to early life-history stages in animals with complex life histories, leading to detrimental physiological and fitness effects in later life. Yet, the latent nature of carryover effects, combined with the long temporal scales over which they can manifest, means that this phenomenon remains understudied and is often overlooked in short-term studies limited to single life-history stages. Herein, we review evidence for the physiological carryover effects induced by elevated ultraviolet radiation (UVR; 280–400 nm) as a potential contributor to recent amphibian population declines. UVR exposure causes a suite of molecular, cellular and physiological consequences known to underpin carryover effects in other taxa, but there is a lack of research linking embryonic and larval UVR exposures to fitness consequences post-metamorphosis in amphibians. We propose that the key impacts of UVR on disease-related amphibian declines are facilitated through carryover effects that bridge embryonic and larval UVR exposure with potential increased disease susceptibility post-metamorphosis. We conclude by identifying a practical direction for the study of ecological carryover effects in amphibians that could guide future ecological research in the broader field of conservation physiology. Only by addressing carryover effects can many of the mechanistic links between environmental change and population declines be elucidated.     

用Reinecke盐液曝光计检测树冠内的光合有效辐射

1 引言 传统的植物光合生理生态研究中,多用照度计来测定光照指标,它以人眼对光亮度的响应特性为基础,与植物叶片对光照的响应曲线差异很大;而太阳光谱中只有400—700nm的波段才是光合有效辐射     

CHARACTERIZATION AND BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF SCYTONEMIN,A CYANOBACTERIAL SHEATH PIGMENT1

Scytonemin, the yellow-brown pigment of cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) extracellular sheaths, was found in species thriving in habitats exposed to intense solar radiation. Scytonemin occurred predominantly in sheaths of the outermost parts or top layers of cyanobacterial mats, crusts, or colonies. Scytonemin appears to be a single compound identified in more than 30 species of cyanobacteria from cultures and natural populations. It is lipid soluble and has a prominent absorption maximum in the near-ultraviolet region of the spectrum (384 nm in acetone; ca. 370 nm in vivo) with a long tail extending to the infrared region. Microspectrophotometric measurements of the transmittance of pigmented sheaths and the quenching of ultraviolet excitation of phycocyanin fluorescence demonstrate that the pigment was effective in shielding the cells from incoming near-ultraviolet-blue radiation, but not from green or red light. High light intensity (between 99 and 250 μmol photon · m^?2· S^?1, depending on species) promoted the synthesis of scytonemin in cultures of cyanobacteria. In cultures, high light intensity caused reduction in the specific content of Chl a and phycobilins, increase in the ratio of total carotenoids to Chl a, and scytonemin increase. UV-A (320–400 nm) radiation was very effective in eliciting scytonemin synthesis. Scytonemin production was physiological and not due to a mere photochemical conversion. These results strongly suggest that scytonemin production constitutes an adaptive strategy of photoprotection against short-wavelength solar irradiance.     

鼎湖山亚热带季风常绿阔叶林的生物量和光能利用效率

报道鼎湖山自然保护区黄果厚壳桂群落的生物量、生产力和光能利用效率。根据群落的种类成分和结构特征,分层选主要树种,用样本收获法和红外线ＣＯ２气体分析法,测定了群落的生物量、光合速率和呼吸速率,计算了群落的生产力和光能利用效率．结果表明,群落的生物量为２０８ｔ·ｈｍ－２;总生产力为１２８７０４ｋＪ·ｍ－３·ａ－１,净生产力为３０４５１ｋＪ·ｍ－２·ａ－１;由总生产力计算光合有效辐射能的吸收利用率为９,６６％,净生产力的利用率为２．２８６％,并与厚壳桂群落作比较,阐明了南亚热带森林群落的生产潜力．     

用细胞色素C法检测非真空电子束辐射的间接作用

本文提出了一种检测非真空电束辐射的间接作用的一种方法,根据氧化型和还原型的细胞色素Ｃ的吸收光谱不同,从而测量非真空电子束作用对应的辐射分解的自由基总量。     

Effects of supplementary UV-B radiation on development of damping-off in spinach caused by the soil-borne fungusFusarium oxysporum

The effects of UV-B radiation (290–320 nm) on development of damping-off of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) caused by the fungusFusarium oxysporum were examined in a growth cabinet. The incidence of disease greatly increased when experimental plants were grown in visible radiation with supplementary UV-B radiation. This increase was suppressed by increasing the irradiation of visible radiation.Fusarium oxysporum was isolated from the roots of all damping-off plants and the roots of some unwilted plants, indicating that spinach infected with the pathogen did not necessarily suffer from damping-off in 15d. Supplementary UV-B radiation suppressed the increase in growth components such as the number of leaves, the plant height and the fresh weight of aboveground plant parts, but did not affect the fresh weight of roots. The ratio of the number of plants infected with pathogen to the total number of plants was over 80% irrespective of light conditions. It was suggested that the defense response of spinach to this pathogen was greatly influenced by the physiological state of aboveground plant parts resulting from supplementary UV-B radiation.     

Differential effects of elevated ultraviolet-B radiation on the photochemical and reproductive performances of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous arid-environment ephemerals

Four dicotyledonous Astcraceac and four monocotyledonous Iridaceac species were grown from seed under three different effective ultraviolet-B (UV-B, 280–320 nm) fluenccs, which approximated those received daily over the natural growing periods of these species at their southerly and northerly distribution limits under ambient stratospheric ozone, and at the northerly limit assuming a 20% ozone depletion. Diminished photochemical efficiencies, delayed flowering, decreased flower production, pollen germination and tube growth, and reduced numbers of seeds set, accompanied by corresponding increases in mass per seed, were observed mainly in dicotyledons under elevated UV-B radiation, despite their higher foliar and pollen polyphenolic contents, their possession of trinucleatc pollen and their natural occurrence at lower latitudes than monocotyledons with binucleate pollen. The results demonstrate the difficulties in determining plant sensitivity to UV-B radiation from polyphenolic content, pollen type and natural geographic distribution, and suggest that monocotyledons possess other attributes that confer greater resilience to UV-B radiation.