Length weight relationships of five marine fishes from the Bay of Bengal

Length weight relationships (LWR) of five marine fishes were estimated from the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. Fish samples were collected occasionally from fisher's catch with gill net (mesh size: 3 cm) during November 2019 to October 2020. Fishing was done overnight. Total length (0.1 cm) and body weight (0.01 g) of each individual were measured. We recorded maximum total length for P. maculatus (55.0 cm) and P. parmatus (39.0 cm).     

黄河三角洲滨海滩涂不同密度柽柳林的根系形态及生长特征

为探讨黄河三角洲滨海滩涂不同密度柽柳根系形态及生长特征,以山东省滨州港附近滨海滩涂的低密度（1100株/hm²）、中密度（4100株/hm²）和高密度（7100株/hm²）柽柳林为研究对象,采用全挖法对不同密度柽柳根系进行挖掘,测定分析柽柳地上生物量、根系生物量、空间分布特征、拓扑结构和连接长度等指标。结果表明：（1）中、高密度下,柽柳对根系生长的投入量更大,以保证对地下资源的吸收利用,根冠比分别为0.59、0.53;而低密度柽柳根冠比为0.44。（2）低、中密度下柽柳根冠生长关系均表现为异速生长,高密度下为等速生长。（3）不同密度柽柳根系生长都以水平分布为主,表现出水平根型特征。中、高密度柽柳根幅及侧根长均小于低密度,低密度柽柳根系水平分布范围最大,可利于增强觅养和固定能力。（4）林分密度与拓扑指数显著相关,低密度柽柳根系拓扑结构趋向于叉状结构（拓扑指数TI=0.62）;中、高密度柽柳拓扑结构趋向于鱼尾形分支（TI=0.86;TI=0.81）。（5）不同密度柽柳根系外部连接长度显著大于内部连接长度,呈现滨海滩涂柽柳根系向外扩张的生长策略。滨海滩涂不同密度柽柳根冠异速生长关系、根系形态及生长特征既有差异性又有相似性,表现出不同的密度适应特征。不同密度柽柳根系均以地表分布、向外扩张为主。低密度柽柳主要通过增加分支,扩大根系生长空间;中、高密度柽柳减少分支,加强对内部资源的利用,以降低与邻株间的竞争。柽柳密度与土壤含水量、电导率、扎根深度、侧根长、拓扑指数显著相关。     

群体大小和觅食环境变化对东黑冠长臂猿日移动距离的影响

日移动距离是反映动物觅食努力的重要指标之一,相关研究有助于了解动物对生境的适应策略,对濒危物种的保护至关重要。东黑冠长臂猿（Nomascus nasutus）是一种极度濒危的树栖小型类人猿,主要生活在一夫二妻制的群体中,平均群体大小6.3只,目前对于该物种的日移动距离仍然缺乏足够的科学研究。我们以广西邦亮长臂猿国家级自然保护区内两群东黑冠长臂猿群作为研究对象,在2008年4月至2009年12月、2016年10月至2017年8月两个时期对其进行了157个全天跟踪,使用5 min间隔的瞬时扫描法记录长臂猿的取食行为和食物类型,每30 min记录长臂猿的位点,并使用轨迹法测算出日移动距离。结果发现东黑冠长臂猿在两个观察时期的不同食物类型取食比例有显著差异,全年的平均日移动距离为1 373 m （354~2 837 m）,相比于低纬度地区营一夫一妻制（平均群体大小3.8只）生活的长臂猿类群没有明显增加。这一结果说明,虽然群体更大,但是东黑冠长臂猿并没有增加每天的觅食努力,不符合生态限制模型的预测。更大的食物斑块、更小的种间竞争和低群体密度可能是支持东黑冠长臂猿无需付出更多的觅食努力来维持更大群体的原因。另外,我们还发现东黑冠长臂猿在人类干扰强度低的研究时期果实类取食比例提高,日移动距离更长,且在果实丰富的雨季日移动距离显著高于果实匮乏的旱季,表明它们可能采取能量保守的策略来应对高质量食物匮乏的环境。总的来说,本研究在更大数据量的基础上更加准确和详细地描述了东黑冠长臂猿的日移动距离,并以此探究长臂猿对高质量食物匮乏环境的响应,为该极度濒危物种的保护提供更多的科学信息。     

A detailed model and Monte Carlo simulation for predicting DIP genome length distribution in baculovirus infection of insect cells

Baculoviruses have enormous potential for use as biopesticides to control insect pest populations without the adverse environmental effects posed by the widespread use of chemical pesticides. However, continuous baculovirus production is susceptible to DNA mutation and the subsequent production of defective interfering particles (DIPs). The amount of DIPs produced and their genome length distribution are of great interest not only for baculoviruses but for many other DNA and RNA viruses. In this study, we elucidate this aspect of virus replication using baculovirus as an example system and both experimental and modeling studies. The existing mathematical models for the virus replication process consider DIPs as a lumped quantity and do not consider the genome length distribution of the DIPs. In this study, a detailed population balance model for the cell‐virus culture is presented, which predicts the genome length distribution of the DIP population along with their relative proportion. The model is simulated using the kinetic Monte Carlo algorithm, and the results agree well with the experimental results. Using this model, a practical strategy to maintain the DIP fraction to near to its maximum and minimum limits has been demonstrated.     

Short communication: Single tube allele specific (STAS) PCR for direct determination of the mutation in the porcine ryanodine receptor gene associated with malignant hyperthermia

The ability to add or delete specific genes in swine will likely provide considerable benefits not just to agriculture but also to medicine, where pigs have potential as models for human disease and as organ donors. Here we have transferred nuclei from a genetically modified fibroblast cell line to porcine oocytes, matured in vitro under defined culture conditions, to create piglets expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein. The nuclear transfer-derived piglets were of normal size, although some mild symptoms of “large offspring syndrome” were evident. These experiments represent a next step towards creating swine with more useful genetic modifications.     

Visitors' Effects on the Welfare of Animals in the Zoo: A Review

Since the 1970s, research about zoo visitors' effects on the welfare of nonhuman animals in captivity has intensified. Numerous studies have shown that characteristics such as visitor presence, density, activity, size, and position are associated with animal behavioral and—to alesser extent physiological—changes. Studies usually interpret these changes as negative (undesirable) or positive (enriching), but it remains unclear whether they significantly impinge on animal welfare. To make confident conclusions about visitors' effects necessitates more studies using (a) a wider range of animal groupings, (b) measures of stress, (c) visitor-animal variables, and (d) other methodological improvements In the meantime, in addition to further research, individual zoos need to emphasize (a) monitoring the stress indicators of their captive animals, (b) observing visitor behavior, and (c) ensuring that staffs are aware of the “visitor effect” concept.     

Specific root length as an indicator of environmental change

Abstract

Specific root length (SRL, m g^?1) is probably the most frequently measured morphological parameter of fine roots. It is believed to characterize economic aspects of the root system and to be indicative of environmental changes. The main objectives of this paper were to review and summarize the published SRL data for different tree species throughout Europe and to assess SRL under varying environmental conditions. Meta-analysis was used to summarize the response of SRL to the following manipulated environmental conditions: fertilization, irrigation, elevated temperature, elevated CO₂, Al-stress, reduced light, heavy metal stress and physical disturbance of soil. SRL was found to be strongly dependent on the fine root classes, i.e. on the ectomycorrhizal short roots (ECM), and on the roots <0.5 mm, <1 mm, <2 mm and 1 – 2 mm in diameter SRL was largest for ECM and decreased with increasing diameter. Changes in soil factors influenced most strongly the SRL of ECM and roots <0.5 mm. The variation in the SRL components, root diameter and root tissue density, and their impact on the SRL value were computed. Meta-analyses showed that SRL decreased significantly under fertilization and Al-stress; it responded negatively to reduced light, elevated temperature and CO_2. We suggest that SRL can be used successfully as an indicator of nutrient availability to trees in experimental conditions.     

Experimental and modelling studies of drought‐adaptive root architectural traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Abstract

This paper presents an interdisciplinary approach to crop improvement that links physiology with plant breeding and simulation modelling to enhance the selection of high‐yielding, drought‐tolerant varieties. In a series of field experiments in Queensland, Australia, we found that the yield of CIMMYT wheat line SeriM82 ranged from 6% to 28% greater than the current cultivar Hartog. Physiological studies on the adaptive traits revealed that SeriM82 had a narrower root architecture and extracted more soil moisture, particularly deep in the profile. Results of a simulation analysis of these adaptive root traits with the cropping system model APSIM for a range of rain‐fed environments in southern Queensland indicated a mean relative yield benefit of 14.5% in water‐deficit seasons. Furthermore, each additional millimetre of water extracted during grain filling generated an extra 55 kg ha^?1 of grain yield. Further root studies of a large number of wheat genotypes revealed that wheat root architecture is closely linked to the angle of seminal roots at the seedling stage – a trait which is suitable for large‐scale and cost‐effective screening programmes. Overall, our results suggest that an interdisciplinary approach to crop improvement is likely to enhance the rate of yield improvement in rain‐fed crops.     

Reproductive biology of Bagrus docmak in the Victoria Nile,Uganda

Aspects of the reproductive biology of Bagrus docmak in the Victoria Nile were investigated between November 2005 and October 2006. Macroscopic and histological analysis of the gonads confirmed it as an asynchronous batch spawner which spawns throughout the year with bimodal spawning peaks coinciding with rainfall seasons. The first spawning peak occurred from March to May, the second from September to November. The sex ratio did not significantly deviate from 1:1. Length at sexual maturity was 33.6 cm and 31.6 cm fork length (FL) for females and males, respectively. Batch fecundity ranged from 1 000 eggs in 34 cm FL fish to 43 000 eggs in 79 cm FL fish, and correlated linearly with FL (r = 0.72) and body weight (r = 0.79). Mean relative batch fecundity was 6 eggs g^?1 (SE 2). These results could guide research into the possibility of artificially inducing the fish to spawn, and its subsequent culture.