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11.
James F. Rieger 《Oecologia》1996,107(4):463-468
The timing of reproduction affected litter size, offspring mass, and offspring survival in the Uinta ground squirrel, Spermophilus armatus, in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming. Survival of juvenile females to yearling age varied negatively with date of weaning and positively with individual offspring mass. At the same time, juveniles weaned early in the season were lighter, and juveniles weaned later in the season were heavier. The coefficient of variation for juvenile body mass, originally measured at weaning, significantly decreased by the time juveniles entered hibernation, indicating that individuals weaned early and light caught up in body mass to individuals weaned later and heavier. From the perspective of the mother's investment in the litter, litter size (corrected for mother's mass) decreased with later wcaning dates, while the relationship of weaning date to litter mass (corrected for mother's mass) was significant in only one year. Maternal allocation of resources in litters changed over the season so that mothers produced many, small offspring early in the season, and fewer, large offspring late in the season. 相似文献
12.
J. Des Forts 《International Journal of Anthropology》1996,11(2-4):123-136
For millenaria, maternal mortality has been considered as a fatality inherent to women's condition. Thanks to the progress of the obstetric technology, the world M.M.R. fell from 2.000 to 400 per 100.000 births during the past 150 years. At the same time women's condition improved chiefly because of a better level of education. Is there any relationship between them: the decrease of Maternal Mortality and the amelioration of women's general status? Or, in other words, can the decrease of Maternal Mortality Rate be considered as an “indicator” of the situation of women? After a historical review of the importance of the maternal mortality drama as it occured in older times before the “obstetric era”, which began with the improvement of the obstetric technology, this paper will present the actual situation of maternal mortality in relation with the obstetric coverage, the female literacy level and some other socio-economic variables, and in relation with the Gross National Product (G.N.P.) as an indicator of governmental interest in the specific female problems of giving-life. 相似文献
13.
Shili Miao 《植被学杂志》1995,6(5):697-700
Abstract. In order to explore whether seed size affects plant response to elevated CO2, plants grown from red oak (Quercus rubra L.) acorns were studied for differences in their first year response to CO2 concentrations of 350 and 700 μl/l. Overall, at final harvest, total biomass of plants grown in elevated CO2 were 47 % larger than that of plants grown in ambient CO2. There were significant interactions between CO2 treatments and initial acorn mass for total biomass, as well as for root, leaf, and stem biomass. Although total biomass increased with increasing initial acorn mass for both high and ambient CO2 plants, high CO2 plants exhibited a greater increase than ambient CO2 plants, as indicated by a steeper slope in high CO2 plants. However, CO2 levels did not affect biomass partitioning traits, such as root/shoot ratio, leaf, stem, and root weight ratios, and leaf area ratio. These results suggest that variation in seed size or initial plant size can cause intraspecific variation in response to elevated CO2. 相似文献
14.
Dario Maestripieri 《Primates; journal of primatology》1994,35(4):443-453
Data from over 400 hr of observation of mother-infant rhesus macaques indicate that during the first 12 weeks of lactation
infants are at risk from other group members and that mothers use aggression as well as restraining to protect them. Maternal
aggression was negatively correlated with infant restraining. High-ranking mothers reacted aggressively to individuals handling
their infants more than did middle- and low-ranking mothers. Conversely, middle- and low-ranking mothers restrained their
infants more than did high-ranking mothers. Maternal aggression did not vary with infant age. Maternal aggression was directed
toward a higher proportion of higher-ranking adult females and their immature offspring and was more likely to be followed
by counter-aggression than nonmaternal aggression, i.e. aggression not related to interactions involving the infant. Middle-and
low-ranking mothers suffered higher costs in terms of retaliation than high-ranking mothers. It is argued that the occurrence
and distribution of maternal aggression among species and individuals should depend on the risk posed to infants by conspecifics
as well as on the characteristics of the social structure (e.g. degree of asymmetry of agonistic contests) and of the mother
(e.g. her dominance rank) which may affect the probability of retaliation. 相似文献
15.
A. R. Swartz T. R. Famula 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1994,89(4):392-396
Components of genetic variation for postweaning growth traits were estimated for both control and growth stocks of mice. The effect of phenotypic selection for gain, which genetically combines selection for additive direct and maternal effects, on additive genetic variance components, heritability, and additive genetic correlationsis discussed. Quantitative genetic theory predicts that simultaneous selection for two metric traits in the same direction will cause the genetic correlation between the two traits to become more negative. The results presented in this paper conflict with this theory. The direct-maternal additive genetic correlation was more negative in the control line (with 356 mice) than in the growth-selected line (with 320 mice) for the three traits analyzed (0.310 vs 0.999 for 21-day weight, 0.316 vs 1.000 for 42-day weight, and 0.506 vs 1.000 for gain from 21–42 days). Estimates were obtained by restricted maximum likelihood (REML) computed under a derivative free algorithm (DFREML). 相似文献
16.
Diane E. Eyer 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》1994,5(1):69-94
A study of the research on postpartum mother-infant bonding shows that results from poorly constructed research programs were
published in major journals and became a part of hospital policy because the bonding concept was politically useful in the
struggle between advocates of natural childbirth and managers of the medical model of birth. The concept was also uncritically
accepted because it was consistent with a longstanding ideology of motherhood that sees women as the prime architects of their
children’s personalities.
Diane Eyer earned her Ph.D. in developmental psychology from the University of Pennsylvania. She is currently writing a book
on the ways in which the concepts of bonding and attachment have affected our understanding of appropriate early childcare. 相似文献
17.
Jane N. Scott 《Cell and tissue research》1993,272(2):391-394
Using in vitro autoradiography, binding sites of 125I-ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) were localized in the rat placenta, visceral yolk sac, and decidua at 16, 18, and 20 days of gestation. There was diffuse binding over the labyrinthine region of the placenta and an intense binding over the decidual gland and visceral yolk sac. In the yolk sac, ANP localized over the cores of the villi where it may be involved with the regulation of transport across the membranes or the flow of blood through the vitelline vessels. Of particular interest was binding over the maternal blood vessels supplying the decidual region and placenta. Receptors were located on the endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells of the arteries and veins, indicating that ANP may be involved with regional regulation of blood flow to the placenta. 相似文献
18.
ObjectivesZinc, which is found in high concentrations in the β-cells of the pancreas, is also a critical component for the endocrine functions of the pancreas. SLC30A8/ZnT8 is the carrier protein responsible for the transport of zinc from the cytoplasm to the insulin granules. The aim of this study was to investigate how dietary zinc status affects pancreatic beta cell activation and ZnT8 levels in infant male rats born to zinc-deficient mothers.MethodsThe study was performed on male pups born to mothers fed a zinc-deficient diet. A total of 40 male rats were divided into 4 equal groups. Group 1: In addition to maternal zinc deficiency, this group was fed a zinc-deficient diet. Group 2: In addition to maternal zinc deficiency, this group was fed a standard diet. Group 3: In addition to maternal zinc deficiency, this group was fed a standard diet and received additional zinc supplementation. Group 4: Control group. Pancreas ZnT8 levels were determined by ELISA method and insulin-positive cell ratios in β-cells by immunohistochemistry.ResultsThe highest pancreatic ZnT8 levels and anti-insulin positive cell ratios in the current study were obtained in Group 3 and Group 4. In our study, the lowest pancreatic ZnT8 levels were obtained in Group 1 and Group 2, and the lowest pancreatic anti-insulin positive cell ratios were obtained in Group 1.ConclusionThe results of the present study; in rats fed a zinc-deficient diet after maternal zinc deficiency has been established shows that ZnT8 levels and anti-insulin positive cell ratios in pancreatic tissue, which is significantly suppressed, reach control values with intraperitoneal zinc supplementation. 相似文献
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