血清GDF-15、hs-cTnT对冠状动脉旁路移植术后新发房颤及近期主要心血管事件的预测效能研究

摘要 目的：分析血清生长分化因子15（GDF-15）、高敏心肌肌钙蛋白T（hs-cTnT）对冠状动脉旁路移植术后新发心房颤动（房颤）及近期主要心血管事件的预测效能。方法：选择自2020年1月至2022年1月在我院行冠状动脉旁路移植术的140例冠心病患者作为研究对象,根据术后是否新发房颤,分为房颤组（46例）和非房颤组（94例）。检测两组术前血清GDF-15、hs-cTnT水平,使用多因素Logistic回归分析血清GDF-15、hs-cTnT与术后新发房颤的关系;随访6个月,观察主要心血管事件发生情况,通过受试者工作特征曲线下面积（AUC）评价血清GDF-15、hs-cTnT对术后新发房颤及近期主要心血管事件的预测效能。结果：两组患者年龄、性别、体重指数等一般资料比较无差异（P＞0.05）;房颤组SYNTAX积分高于非房颤组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);房颤组血清GDF-15、hs-cTnT水平均高于非房颤组（P＜0.05）;经多因素Logistic回归分析,SYNTAX积分、血清GDF-15、hs-cTnT均是冠状动脉旁路移植术后新发房颤的独立预测因素（P＜0.05）;经ROC曲线分析,血清GDF-15联合hs-cTnT预测冠状动脉旁路移植术后新发房颤的AUC为0.933,大于SYNTAX积分的0.790,预测近期主要心血管事件的AUC为0.925,大于SYNTAX积分的0.750（P＜0.05）。结论：血清GDF-15联合hs-cTnT对冠状动脉旁路移植术后新发房颤及近期主要心血管事件均具有良好的预测效能,值得临床予以重视。     

DIVERGENT AMBULATORY AND GROOMING BEHAVIOR IN SERIALLY BOTTLENECKED LINES OF THE HOUSEFLY

The extent of genome-wide restructuring predicted in bottleneck models of speciation is addressed in assays of non-reproductive behavior in lines of the housefly. After five serial founder-flush cycles of one of three sizes (1, 4, or 16 pairs), each bottleneck line showed significant differentiation from the outbred control in ambulatory levels and grooming sequences in videotaped records of precopulatory activity. Only one line (4-pair) showed overall lethargy which was associated to inbreeding depression in egg-to-adult viability, thus exemplifying a case of probable extinction due to bottlenecks. The two most hyperactive lines (1- and 16-pair) showed very similar directions of differentiation from the control in locomotor activity and grooming behavior, as well as in mating behavior evaluated from a separate study. This high congruence suggested that directional selection toward the phenotypic optima of the ancestor operated on the bottleneck populations and that a 10-fold difference in theoretical inbreeding coefficients did not affect the magnitude of response. The remaining two bottleneck lines showed some independence from these general trajectories, their divergence along minor axes of ancestral intercorrelation structure possibly being more important to the formation of new species. Significant perturbations of the thresholds for execution of grooming and locomotor movements suggested increased evolutionary potential for ritualization (i.e., sexual selection for adoption of non-reproductive behavior into courtship repertoire) due to bottlenecks.     

DEVELOPMENTAL MUTANTS OF VOLVOX: DOES MUTATION RECREATE THE PATTERNS OF PHYLOGENETIC DIVERSITY?

The nature of the variation which is created by mutation can show how the direction of evolution is constrained by internal biases arising from development and pre-existing design. We have attempted to quantify these biases by measuring eight life history characters in developmental mutants of Volvox carteri. Most of the mutants in our sample were inferior to the wild type, but deviated by less than tenfold from the wild-type mean. Characters differed in mutability, suggesting different levels of canalisation. Most correlations between life history characters among strains were positive, but there was a significant negative correlation between the size and the number of reproductive cells, suggesting an upper limit to the total quantity of germ produced by individuals. The most extreme phenotypes in our sample were very vigorous, showing that not all mutations of large effect are unconditionally deleterious. We investigated the effect of developmental constraints on the course of evolution by comparing the variance and covariance patterns among mutant strains with those among species in the family Volvocaceae. A close correspondence between patterns at these two levels would suggest that pre-existing design has a strong influence on evolution, while little or no correspondence shows the action of selection. The variance generated by mutation was equal to that generated by speciation in the family Volvocaceae, the genus Volvox, or the section Merillosphaera, depending on the character considered. We found that mutation changes the volume of somatic tissue independently of the quantity of germ tissue, so that the interspecific correlation between soma and germ can be attributed to selection. The negative correlation between size and number of germ cells among mutants of V. carteri is also seen among the larger members of the family (Volvox spp.), but not among the smaller members, suggesting a powerful design constraint that may be responsible for the absence of larger forms in the entire group.     

霍乱弧菌EL－Tor35A3菌株外膜蛋白主区带的纯化

选用霍乱弧菌ＥＬ－Ｔｏｒ生物型３５Ａ３菌株（血清稻叶型）以ＥＤＴＡ－溶菌酶法与超速离心法提取其外膜蛋白,并将聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳后一条蛋白主区带分离。ＳＤＳ－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测得该蛋白主区带的分子量为２５ｋＤ,免疫电泳显示一条线,免疫双扩试验表明,不同的霍乱弧菌菌株均有该蛋白抗原存在。     

GENETIC CONSTRAINTS ON MACROEVOLUTION: THE EVOLUTION OF HOST AFFILIATION IN THE LEAF BEETLE GENUS OPHRAELLA

We hypothesize that the evolution of an ecologically important character, the host associations of specialized phytophagous insects, has been influenced by limitations on genetic variation. Using as a historical framework a phylogenetic reconstruction of the history of host associations in the beetle genus Ophraella (Chrysomelidae), we have employed quantitative-genetic methods to screen four species for genetic variation in larval survival, oviposition (in one species only), and feeding responses to their congeners' host plants, in the Asteraceae. We here report results of studies of one species and evaluate the results from all four. Analysis of half-sib/full-sib families and of progenies of wild females of O. notulata, a specialist on Iva (Ambrosiinae), provided evidence of genetic variation in larval consumption of five of six test plants and in adult consumption of four of six. Larval mortality was complete on five plants; only on Ambrosia, a close relative of the natural host, was there appreciable, and genetically variable, survival. Oviposition on Ambrosia showed marginally significant evidence of genetic variation; a more distantly related plant elicited no oviposition at all. In compiling results from four Ophraella species, reported in this and two other papers, we found no evidence of genetic variation in 18 of 39 tests of feeding responses and 14 of 16 tests of larval survival on congeners' hosts. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that absence or paucity of genetic variation may constrain or at least bias the evolution of host associations. The lower incidence of genetic variation in survival than in feeding behavior may imply, according to recent models, that avoidance is a more common evolutionary response to novel plants than adaptation. The usually great disparity between mean performance on congeners' hosts and the species' natural hosts, and an almost complete lack of evidence for negative genetic correlations, argue against the likelihood that speciation has occurred by sympatric host shift. The presence versus apparent absence of genetic variation in consumption was correlated with the propinquity of relationship between the beetle species tested and the species that normally feeds on the test plant, suggesting that the history of host shifts in Ophraella has been guided in part by restrictions on genetic variation. It was also correlated with the propinquity of relationship between a test plant and the beetle's natural host. The contributions of plant relationships and insect relationships, themselves correlated in part, to the pattern of genetic variation, are not readily distinguishable, but together accord with phylogenetic evidence that these and other phytophagous insects adapt most readily to related plants. In this instance, therefore, the macroevolution of an ecologically important character appears to have been influenced by genetic constraints. We hypothesize that absence of the structural prerequisites for genetic variation in complex characters may affect genetic variation and the trajectory of evolution.     

Stamens are not essential as an attractant for pollinators in females of cryptically dioecious Thalictrum pubescens Pursch. (Ranunculaceae)

 It has been hypothesized that females of some dioecious species maintain stamens that produce sterile pollen as a means of attracting pollinators to promote greater seed set. However, this hypothesis has rarely been tested. This paper examines the role of pollinators in the maintenance of sterile stamens in the cryptically dioecious species, Thalictrum pubescens. Wind was found to contribute to pollination; branches of female T. pubescens enclosed in cheesecloth to exclude insects but not wind were still able to set seed. Therefore, females may not need the stamens for pollination. In 1994, insects were found to discriminate against emasculated female flowers, but this discrimination did not lead to a significant difference in either the amount of pollen received or seed set. In 1995, emasculation was combined with the addition of pollen to determine if emasculated females were pollen limited. No significant effect of pollen addition or emasculation was found. Emasculated branches in the pollen-addition treatment appeared to have slightly lower seed set than non-emasculated branches that received pollen, indicating that the slight reduction in seed set was caused by emasculation rather than pollen limitation. Since stamens do not appear to be maintained as pollinator attractants, other explanations, such as genetic constraints, must be investigated. Received: 4 February 1997 / Revision accepted: 20 May 1997     

Immunocytochemical and electrophoretic studies on the localization of the major haemolymph proteins (ceratitins) inCeratitis capitata during development

Summary The developmental profile of the major haemolymph proteins (ceratitins) inCeratitis capitata was studied. Ceratitin concentration in the haemolymph decreases dramatically during the last days of pupal life, while the amounts of ceratitins in whole organism extracts remain unchanged. By electrophoretic, immunological and immunofluorescence techniques it was revealed that ceratitins are reabsorbed by the fat body and a fraction of them is deposited in the cuticle. The possible role of ceratitins is discussed.     

A review of some physiological and evolutionary aspects of body size and bud size of Hydra

Green hydra with endosymbionts are smaller than brown asymbiotic ones. Regeneration experiments, mitotic index studies on algal and hydra tissue, and evidence for consumption and expulsion of algae are reviewed and it is suggested that larger green hydra have more difficulty controlling algal increase than smaller ones and that hydra have an upper size limit for maintenance of stable symbioses. A mathematical model is discussed which starts with simple physiological assumptions about hydra and generates field testable conclusions about how body and bud size, and reproductive rates depend on food particle size, quantity and temporal distribution. Unlike most analytic ecological-evolutionary models, this one integrates physiology, ecology and evolution without needing simplifying assumptions.     

Patterns of nucleotide substitutions inferred from the phylogenies of the class I major histocompatibility complex genes

Summary Patterns of nucleotide substitutions in human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I genes were estimated by using phylogenetic trees of DNA sequences. The pattern is defined as a set of 12 parameters, each of which represents the relative frequency of substitutions from a particular nucleotide to another. The pattern at the antigen recognition sites (ARS) in functional MHC genes was remarkably different from that at the remaining coding region (non-ARS). In particular, the proportion of transitions among all the nucleotide substitutions (P _s) was extremely low at the third codon positions of ARS. In the HLA-A genes, P _s at the third codon positions was only 6% in ARS, whereas it was 69% in non-ARS. In HLA-B, the corresponding values were 30% in ARS and 80% in non-ARS, respectively. On the other hand, P _s in a class I pseudogene (HLA-H) was 57%, which was in good agreement with P _s in other pseudogenes. Because pseudogenes are selectively neutral, the pattern in pseudogenes is regarded as the pattern of spontaneous substitution mutations. In general, the pattern in functional genes that are subject to selective forces deviates from the pattern in pseudogenes. At the third codon positions in coding regions, transitions scarcely cause amino acid replacements, whereas about half of transversions do cause replacements. Accordingly, P _s at the third codon positions decreases if amino acid replacements are accelerated by natural selection but increases if amino acids are conserved by functional constraint. Our observations imply that the ARS region is subject to natural selection favoring amino acid replacements, whereas the non-ARS region is subject to functional constraint. Offprint requests to: T. Gojobori     

Age-dependent population diffusion with external constraint

We present a simple model for age dependent population diffusion when the dynamics is submitted to external constraints. Existence, uniqueness and dependence on the parameters of the solution are discussed.This work has been done within the framework of the cultural agreement between the Universities of Bordeaux and Rome