Effects of fragmentation of secondary broadleaf deciduous forests on populations of the near-threatened butterfly, Sasakia charonda (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae), in central Japan

We examined the effects of fragmentation of secondary broadleaf deciduous forests (secondary forests) on populations of the near-threatened butterfly, Sasakia charonda, in central Japan. Regression analyses revealed that the number of overwintering larvae per host tree significantly increased when the area of secondary forest patches and the Isolation Index of the forest patch increased and the distance from secondary forest patches containing the focal host trees to the nearest secondary forest patch decreased. There was a significantly positive correlation between the number of overwintering larvae and the number of host trees in the neighborhood. The host trees were primarily distributed at the edges of secondary forests. From the results of the backward elimination method of multiple linear regression analysis, independent variables other than patch area were eliminated, and the standardized partial regression coefficient of the patch area was significant. This result suggested that a contiguous distribution of large secondary forest patches with many host trees is very important to conserving this butterfly species.     

A quantitative genetics and ecological model system: understanding the aliphatic glucosinolate biosynthetic network via QTLs

Plants’ sessile nature has led them to develop chemical defenses, secondary metabolites, to directly cope with environmental changes rather than escape to more favorable sites. The diversity and fluctuation in biological stresses faced by a plant have generated extraordinary genetic diversity controlling the synthesis and regulation of secondary metabolites that is only now being explored. The glucosinolate secondary metabolites, amino acid derived thioglucosides specific to the order Capparales, is a model system for understanding the molecular basis of complex quantitative traits and their potential ecological role. This review focuses on the extensive progress being made towards understanding the complete molecular basis underlying the glucosinolate genetic diversity at both biosynthetic and regulatory loci. This has identified a highly interactive genetic network whereby biosynthetic loci have additional functions as regulatory loci and laid the foundation for glucosinolates to be a model system for understanding quantitative traits in a broader context.     

溃疡性结肠炎缓解期服用益生菌制剂维持治疗的Meta分析

目的系统评价益生菌制剂用于溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)缓解期维持治疗的疗效。方法采用计算机检索和手工检索两种方法,以益生菌及其近义词、溃疡性结肠炎等主题词检索Cochrane国际协作网随机对照试验(RCT)注册数据库、PubMed、Embase数据库和中国期刊网等数据库(1978-2009),所选文献符合缓解期UC的诊断标准,以美沙拉嗪为对照的随机对照试验。采用Cochrane系统评价员手册4.2.2推荐的方法纳入文献,并对其进行Meta分析。结果共纳入6个RCT,包括629名患者,Meta分析结果显示:临床复发率益生菌组与美沙拉嗪差异无显著性(OR=0.84,95%CI:0.59~1.19,P=0.33)。结论益生菌制剂与美沙拉嗪对于UC缓解期维持治疗的疗效相近,益生菌制剂是有效的溃疡性结肠炎缓解期维持治疗药物。     

尿毒症维持性血液透析患者衰弱的影响因素分析及其对认知功能和微炎症状态的影响

摘要 目的：探讨尿毒症维持性血液透析（MHD）患者衰弱的影响因素,分析其对认知功能和微炎症状态的影响。方法：回顾性分析2020年4月~2022年7月期间江苏省人民医院收治的105例尿毒症MHD 患者的临床资料,根据衰弱评分将患者分为无衰弱组（n=38）、衰弱前期组（n=34）、衰弱组（n=33）。根据病例资料获取患者的一般资料和实验室资料,对比三组一般资料和实验室资料、认知功能情况;采用多因素Logistic回归分析尿毒症MHD患者衰弱的影响因素。结果：无衰弱组、衰弱前期组、衰弱组的年龄、透析龄、吸烟史、饮酒史、运动情况、合并症、白蛋白（ALB）、血红蛋白（Hb）、前白蛋白（PA）、尿素氮（BUN）、血肌酐（Scr）、25-羟维生素D[25-（OH）D]、甲状旁腺激素（PTH）组间对比有差异（P<0.05）。衰弱组的C反应蛋白（CRP）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）高于无衰弱组、衰弱前期组,且衰弱前期组高于无衰弱组（P<0.05）。衰弱组的简易精神状态检查量表（MMSE）评分低于无衰弱组、衰弱前期组,且衰弱前期组低于无衰弱组（P<0.05）。衰弱组的认知功能障碍（POCD）发生率高于无衰弱组、衰弱前期组,且衰弱前期组高于无衰弱组（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示：并发症、ALB偏低、Hb偏低、PA偏低、25-（OH）D偏低、CRP偏高、IL-6偏高、TNF-α偏高、MMSE评分偏低是尿毒症MHD患者衰弱危险因素,而经常运动是其保护因素（P<0.05）。结论：尿毒症MHD患者衰弱的发生率较高,可导致患者认知功能下降,微炎症程度升高,与并发症、ALB、Hb、PA、25-（OH）D、CRP、IL-6、TNF-α、MMSE评分、运动情况等多种因素相关。     

维持性血液透析患者透析期血压波动的危险因素及其对生存状况的影响

摘要 目的：观察维持性血液透析（MHD）患者透析期血压波动的状况,分析其危险因素及其对生存状况的影响。方法：从江苏省人民医院选取于2018年4月~2021年7月期间接受治疗的210例MHD患者。将患者根据△收缩压（SBP）的绝对值大小,分为血压低波动组（84例,△SBP的绝对值大小<10 mmHg）和血压高波动组（126例,△SBP的绝对值大小≥10 mmHg）。收集两组患者的一般资料和实验室资料,MHD患者血压波动的危险因素采用Logistic回归模型进行分析。以门诊复查或电话的形式随访1年,统计两组预后情况。结果：单因素结果显示,MHD患者透析期血压波动与透析龄、体质量指数（BMI）、收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、磷（P）、白蛋白（ALB）、血红蛋白（Hb）、全段甲状旁腺激素（iPTH）、尿素清除指数（Kt/V）、超滤量有关（P<0.05）。而与年龄、性别、血肌酐（Scr）、尿素氮（BUN）、钙（Ca）、总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）无关（P>0.05）。多因素Logistic 回归模型结果显示：透析龄越长、iPTH升高、Kt/V下降、P升高、BMI升高是导致MHD患者透析期血压波动的危险因素,ALB上升为保护因素（P<0.05）。两组患者1年生存率、死亡率组间对比无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论：MHD患者透析期血压波动受到透析龄、iPTH、Kt/V、P、ALB、BMI变化的影响,MHD患者透析期血压波动均会导致患者发生死亡风险。     

糖尿病肾病维持性血液透析患者低血糖发生情况及其影响因素的Logistic回归分析

摘要 目的：探讨糖尿病肾病（DN）维持性血液透析患者低血糖发生情况,并分析其影响因素。方法：选择2018年7月~2021年2月期间收治的100例DN维持性血液透析患者,记录低血糖发生情况,按照是否发生低血糖将患者分为低血糖组（n=47）和无低血糖组（n=53）。收集两组患者的临床资料,采用多因素Logistic回归分析DN维持性血液透析患者低血糖发生的影响因素。结果：100例患者1个月内共检测血糖 1200次,其中有47例出现低血糖症状,低血糖发生率为47.00%（47/100）,53例患者未发生低血糖。DN维持性血液透析患者低血糖发生与性别、婚姻状况、工作状况、医保类型、维持性血液透析方式、收缩压、空腹血糖（FBG）、内生肌酐清除率（Ccr）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、三酰甘油（TG）无关（P>0.05）,而与年龄、DN病程、体质量指数、文化程度、尿微量蛋白尿排泄率（UAER）、用药依从性、自我管理能力、照护能力有关（P<0.05）。多因素logistic回归性分析结果显示：年龄偏大、DN病程偏长、体质量指数偏低、UAER偏高是DN维持性血液透析患者低血糖发生的危险因素,而用药依从性、照护能力良好则是DN维持性血液透析患者低血糖发生的保护因素（P<0.05）。结论：DN维持性血液透析患者低血糖发生率较高,其中年龄偏大、DN病程偏长、体质量指数偏低、UAER偏高是DN维持性血液透析患者低血糖发生的危险因素,而用药依从性、照护能力良好则是其保护因素。     

Influence de la température sur la cinétique,de croissance et le coefficient de maintenance de Candida lipolytica cultivé sur n-alcane

The effect of growth temperature on the evolution of kinetic parameters and yields was determined for Candida lipolytica cultures with ntetradecane as substrate, in a temperature range of 18°C to 30°C, which is below the critical growth temperature in order to work only in the activation zone of these parameters.In such a culture limited by substrate transfer, growth rate depends on biological rates, related to microorganisms characteristics, and diffusional rates, related to mass transfer. The effect of temperature thus depends on the limiting step. The activation energy, calculated from exponential growth rate determinations is .When the activation energy is calculated from the maximal rate of cell production (determined at the growth curve's inflexion point), it's found to be E _X=71,200 J/mole in the 18°C–24°C range, and E _X=28,000 J/mole in the 24°C–30°C range. The latter one is characteristic of a diffusion-limited process. Above 24°C, growth is controlled by substrate-transfer, as physiological potentialities are preferentially increased with temperature than diffusional ones: 24°C is thus the transition temperature T _t from physiological to diffusional limitation.The apparent yield is almost constant, over the 18°C to 30°C temperature range, although maintenance coefficients are very dependent on temperature. The activation energies related to maintenance coefficients for alkane and oxygen respectively are and .The m _s/m_{O 2} ratio is about 3 (g/g), whereas that, for a strict oxidation reaction of n-tetradecane ought to be 3.47 (g/g). A satisfactory correlation, relating maintenance coefficients to the maximal growth rate of yeast, is given.

---

Liste des symboles A constante de saturation de modèle de croissance(1) - B vitesse spécifique considérée - C substrat carboné ou oxygène (g/l) - E energie d'activation (J/mole) - S _m quantité de substrat consommée par maintenance au cours d'une fermentation discontinue (g) - O₂ quantité d'oxygène transférée au milieu de culture (g/l) - R rendement global de la fermentation - R rendement global de la fermentation - constante des gaz parfaits (J/mole K) - S concentration en substrat carboné (g/l) - T température de croissance (°K) - X concentration en biomasse (g/l) - Y rendement limite - m coefficient de maintenance (h^-1) - t duree de fermentation (h) - tømpérature de croissance (^o Celsius) - taux de croissance (h^-1) Indices 1 relatif à la température 1. - 2 relatif à la température 2 - c relatif au substrat carboné ou à l'oxygène - f relatif au temps final - i relatif au point d'inflexion - m maximum - mO₂ relatif au coefficient de maintenance sur l'oxygène - m _s relatif au coefficient de maintenance sur le substrat carboné - o relatif au temps initial - O₂ relatif à l'oxygène - s relatif au substrat carboné - t de transition - T relatif à la température de croissance T - U _m relatif au taux de croissance maximal - X relatif à la productivité maximale en biomasse     

Bioenergetic aspects of aerobic growth of Klebsiella aerogenes NCTC 418 in carbon-limited and carbon-sufficient chemostat culture

Carbon-limited chemostat cultures of Klebsiella aerogenes NCTC 418 consumed more oxygen per unit of cell synthesis when growing on mannitol or glycerol than when growing on glucose; and since the maintenance requirements were similar, this suggested that the extra reducing equivalents present in these compounds were oxidized wastefully. By comparison with carbon-limited cultures, carbon-sufficient cultures that were ammonia-, sulphate- or phosphate-limited generally consumed considerably more oxygen per unit of cell synthesis, particularly at low growth rates. Thus, according to the theory of Pirt, these carbon-sufficient cultures had a greatly increased maintenance energy requirement but nevertheless used the remaining energy with a much increased efficiency compared with carbon-limited cultures. This, we suggest, is a false conclusion which stems from the basic assumption that the maintenance requirement does not change with growth rate. Thus we propose an alternative theory which allows for this possibility, and present evidence to show that it may be applicable to both carbon-limited and carbon-sufficient chemostat cultures. Finally we offer an explanation of the high maintenance rate of oxygen consumption found with carbon-sufficient cultures, and consider this phenomenon in relation to the loose coupling between respiration and growth extant in most microbial cultures.     

Very slow growth of Bacillus polymyxa: Stringent response and maintenance energy

Bacillus polymyxa grown in a recycling fermentor shows the same behavior previously observed with Escherichia coli: 3 successive growth phases. In the last 2 phases the growth rate is linear and the apparent maintenance energy demand rate and the molar growth yield are both independent of the specific growth rate, , and of the cells mass. The final phase of very slow growth is an indefinitely prolonged state of strong, stringent control, the regulatory system based on guanosine 3-diphosphate 5-diphosphate, and guanosine 3-diphosphate 5-triphosphate. The maximum cost of this stringent response is calculated to be 9% of the energy available to these energy-limited cells. There is a further energy cost contained in substantial amounts of DNA, RNA, and protein released from the cells during the latter 2 growth phases. The cost of production of these extra cellular anabolites ranges from 8–11% of the available energy.After a carbon-energy upshift in phase 3, the population growth rate immediately returned to that of early phase 2 growth, 50 h or more earlier.If maintenance energy is considered as energy expended by cells to maintain homeostasis, catabolic capacity, or anabolic potential, then the cost of stringent control — which preserves the fidelity of protein synthesis in slowly growing cells — must be considered a maintenance energy cost.Abbreviations GPR glucose provision rate - F_R medium flow rate - S_R substrate concentration - V_F fermentor volume - F_S filtrate removal rate - ppGpp guanosine 3-diphosphate 5-diphosphate - pppGpp guanosine 3-diphosphate 5-triphosphate     

Maintenance energy: a general model for energy-limited and energy-sufficient growth

The new model proposed to account for the energy requirement for growth includes both a constant maintenance energy term (m) independent of the specific growth rate and a term (m′) which decreases linearly with increase in specific growth rate and becomes zero at the maximum specific growth rate. The available data for testing the model do not deviate significantly from the relations predicted. Consistent values of the maximum growth yield (Y _G) can be derived, irrespective of whether the cultures are energy limited or energy sufficient. Attention is drawn to the possibility that the constant maintenance energy term may be estimated from the maximum specific growth rate.