Oxygen uptake,heart rate,perceived exertion,and integrated electromyogram of the lower and upper extremities during level and Nordic walking on a treadmill

The purpose of this study was to characterize responses in oxygen uptake ( V·O2), heart rate (HR), perceived exertion (OMNI scale) and integrated electromyogram (iEMG) readings during incremental Nordic walking (NW) and level walking (LW) on a treadmill. Ten healthy adults (four men, six women), who regularly engaged in physical activity in their daily lives, were enrolled in the study. All subjects were familiar with NW. Each subject began walking at 60 m/min for 3 minutes, with incremental increases of 10 m/min every 2 minutes up to 120 m/min V·O2 , V·E and HR were measured every 30 seconds, and the OMNI scale was used during the final 15 seconds of each exercise. EMG readings were recorded from the triceps brachii, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior muscles. V·O2 was significantly higher during NW than during LW, with the exception of the speed of 70 m/min (P < 0.01). V·E and HR were higher during NW than LW at all walking speeds (P < 0.05 to 0.001). OMNI scale of the upper extremities was significantly higher during NW than during LW at all speeds (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the iEMG reading for the VL was lower during NW than during LW at all walking speeds, while the iEMG reading for the BF and GA muscles were significantly lower during NW than LW at some speeds. These data suggest that the use of poles in NW attenuates muscle activity in the lower extremities during the stance and push-off phases, and decreases that of the lower extremities and increase energy expenditure of the upper body and respiratory system at certain walking speeds.     

沙格雷酯治疗2型糖尿病伴下肢动脉硬化闭塞症患者的疗效评估

目的:探讨沙格雷酯治疗2型糖尿病伴下肢动脉硬化闭塞症(ASO)患者的临床疗效。方法:选择2014年4月~2015年5月我院2型糖尿病伴下肢ASO患者80例,给予口服沙格雷酯100 mg,3次/日,连续8周,监测治疗前后患肢的症状与体征、双下肢动脉峰值血流速度、血糖、血脂及血液流变学等指标的变化。结果:口服沙格雷酯8周后,患者疼痛感、冷感、间歇性踱行、麻木感及下肢溃疡等主观症状有效率均大于91%,临床总有效率为93.75%。治疗后患者左、右下肢动脉血管直径与治疗前比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但左、右下肢动脉峰值血流速度比治疗前显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后患者的甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、全血高切黏度及全血低切黏度比治疗前降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:沙格雷酯可改善2型糖尿病伴下肢ASO患者的症状,降低双下肢动脉峰值血流速度,临床疗效确切,值得临床推广应用。     

介入技术在下肢动脉硬化闭塞症合并血栓形成中的应用

目的:探讨导管接触性溶栓(catheter-directed thrombolysis,CDT)联合球囊及支架成形术治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症合并血栓形成的临床疗效及安全性。方法:选择2011年1月~2014年12月收治的36例下肢动脉硬化闭塞症合并血栓形成性病变患者,先行置管溶栓治疗,再联合球囊及支架成形术治疗,观察其溶栓效果及血管再通情况。结果:本组溶栓总有效率为86.1%,尿激酶用量(75.5±34.6)万单位,溶栓后31例下肢缺血症状改善,下肢疼痛症状有不同程度减轻,下肢跛行距离明显延长,无垃圾脚发生。球囊及支架成形术后踝肱指数(ABI)由术前的0.39±0.11升高至术后的0.79±0.19,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。随访1~48月,无死亡病例,9例出现支架内膜增生血管再狭窄,5例出现糖尿病膝下动脉狭窄闭塞,给予球囊扩张及支架成形术后下肢缺血症状减轻,其中1例患者于术后3年行下肢截肢治疗。结论:CDT联合球囊及支架成形术治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症合并血栓形成具有较高的临床价值,可以为PTA血管成形或支架置入赢得时机,改善下肢缺血,该方式创伤小,并发症少。     

Menez-Dregan 1 (Plouhinec,Finistère,France) : un site d’habitat du Paléolithique inférieur en grotte marine. Stratigraphie,structures de combustion,industries riches en galets aménagés

The Lower Palaeolithic site of Menez-Dregan I is currently the subject of an important excavation and has been part of a multidisciplinary project since 1991. It is an ancient marine cave whose roof has gradually collapsed and thus partly protected the site from erosion. In Menez-Dregan 1, the sedimentological evidence has been significantly reduced due to multiple episodes of marine erosion in the cave (low sedimentary preservation in terms of sedimentation and erosion process). However, the proximity of a section with a longer sedimentary record (Gwendrez cliff) has allowed for an attempt at correlation between the different deposits by way of a sedimentologic study applied to sandy marker beds (dunes). The resulting new data permitted a more precise chronostratigraphy of this site to be drawn up and contributed to further validation of dating. Three main stratigraphic units show distinct levels of human occupation at the site, separated by coastal deposits. The ESR dates tend to place the first human occupation in MIS 12 or at the end of MIS 13 (around 465,000 years). The ESR dating obtained at the base of layer 5 gave an age of 380,000 years. The geological analysis (sedimentology, stratigraphical correlations at short distance) tends to confirm these dates. The fauna has not preserved due to the acidic environment, leaving only the lithic industry to show how the human groups who settled at the site lived and, it is worth noting, mastered fire lighting, and or control, at a very early date (late MIS 13 or early MIS 12). The lithic industry from the upper levels (layer 5) is likely Colombanian and is composed of numerous flakes and cores alongside a great quantity of cobble tools (mostly choppers), fractured cobbles, and cobbles with isolated removals on various types of rocks, some cleavers and very rare bifaces. Additionally denticulates and notches form the main part of the light duty tools, together with scrapers. These retouched light duty tools are mainly made on flint, but quartz and glossy sandstone were also used. The last level of occupation (layer 4) probably shows the transition between Lower and Middle Palaeolithic. This may represent a regional cobble tool industry of the south armorican shoreline, however, it is still difficult to separate it totally from the classic European Acheulean from Northern France. These armorican lithic industries could indeed correspond with areas of specialised activities, as demonstrated for some Middle Palaeolithic groups with a cobble tools lithic industry. The notion of culture that could be chosen to explain this variability must be treated with caution, because it would only be based on the presence or absence of only one type of tool (the handaxe).     

Observations on Syracosphaera rhombica sp. nov.

A spherical coccosphere and two collapsed coccospheres composed of monomorphic rhombic coccoliths were encountered in 2005 in the Java upwelling system of the SE Indian Ocean, while a further two specimens with elongate coccospheres were recently found in the Gulf of Mexico. All of the specimens were collected from the lower photic zone (75–160 m). The coccoliths possess a proximal flange, a slightly flared wall with a serrated distal margin, and a relatively plain central area structure comprised only of overlapping laths. The taxon appears to be an undescribed species of the Syracosphaera nodosa group, so we describe it herein as Syracosphaera rhombica sp. nov.     

VEGF-A在食管鳞状细胞癌中的表达及临床意义

目的:探讨血管内皮生长因子A(VEGF-A)在食管鳞状细胞癌中的表达及临床意义。方法:收集2009年1月-2010年12月收治的45例食管鳞状细胞癌患者临床资料及病理标本,应用免疫组织化学法检测肿瘤组织VEGF-A表达及微淋巴管密度(MLVD),分析VEGF-A表达与食管鳞癌患者临床病理资料、MLVD及与患者生存期限的关系。结果:1有淋巴结转移的患者VEGF-A表达阳性率为66.67%,明显高于无淋巴结转移患者的38.10%(P0.05);2 VEGF-A阳性食管鳞状细胞癌患者MLVD为(8.35±2.45)明显高于阴性患者的(5.32±1.44),(P0.05);3VEGF-A阳性食管鳞状细胞癌患者3年存活率为41.67%明显低于阴性患者的61.90%(P0.05)。结论:VEGF-A表达在确定早期食管鳞状细胞癌淋巴结转移方面具有一定的应用价值,可以作为评价预后的有效指标。     

The effect of close approaches for tagging activities by small research vessels on the behavior of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae)

Small research vessels are often used as platforms for tagging activities to collect behavioral data on cetaceans and they have the potential to disturb that group or individual. If this disturbance is ignored, results and conclusions produced by that study could be inaccurate. Here land‐based behavioral data of migrating humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) (n = 29) were used to determine the effect of close approaches for tagging by research vessels on their diving, movement and surface behaviors. Groups of whales were tagged, using digital recording tags, by small research vessels, as part of a behavioral response study. In groups that were approached for tagging, temporary changes in movement behaviors during close approaches were found, with subsequent recovery to “pre‐approach” levels. In female‐calf groups more long‐term changes in travel speed were found. Results suggest that, although close approaches for tagging by small vessels may cause behavioral changes in humpback whales, this change may be small and temporary. However, in female‐calf groups, the behavioral change may be greater and longer lasting. This study shows that when using small vessels for behavioral research, disturbance, and recovery should be measured to ensure integrity of data used for other analyses.     

A new sauropodomorph ichnogenus from the Lower Jurassic of Sichuan,China fills a gap in the track record

A dinosaur tracksite in the Lower Jurassic Ziliujing Formation of Sichuan Province, China consists of a spectacular sub-vertical exposure, with multiple track-bearing levels and trackways showing parallel and bimodal orientations. Based on well-preserved material, the new ichnogenus and ichnospecies, Liujianpus shunan ichnogen. nov. ichnosp. nov. is erected to accommodate distinctive sauropodomorph trackways occurring in this assemblage. Liujianpus has a unique combination of features, some relating to the early Jurassic basal sauropodomorph (prosauropod in traditional usage) ichnogenus Otozoum, others to the sauropod ichnogenus Brontopodus. Despite such a mix of basal sauropodomorph- and sauropod-like features, the trackmaker of Liujianpus is likely a basal sauropodomorph. This identification is consistent with the occurrence of basal sauropodomorph skeletons from geographically and chronologically close localities. The other distinct morphotype from the tracksite is linked to a sauropod trackmaker. As such, the ichnofauna consisting of two distinct foot morphotypes reflects the diversity of sauropodomorph dinosaurs in the Early Jurassic of Asia.     

四合木根部及茎部导管分子比较解剖学研究

采用显微照相技术对四合木根、茎部导管分子形态特征及数量特征进行比较研究,并运用SMA分析导管分子长度与直径之间的异速生长关系,探讨四合木的次生木质部导管分子对草原化荒漠地区的适应特性。结果表明:(1)四合木根部与茎部导管分子均以孔纹、网纹和两端无尾类型为主,具单穿孔板。(2)四合木根部与茎部导管分子在长度上均为短级水平,直径上均为小级水平,且宽窄导管并存;茎部导管分子较根部导管分子更加"小型化"。(3)不论根部或茎部,其导管分子的长度与直径之间均表现出异速生长的关系,且导管分子长度的增长速率大于直径的增长速率。这些结果有助于从细胞学尺度上了解荒漠区木本植物对草原化荒漠地区的适应策略。     

Cortical motor representation of the rectus femoris does not differ between the left and right hemisphere

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) involves non-invasive magnetic stimulation of the brain, and can be used to explore the corticomotor excitability and motor representations of skeletal muscles. However there is a lack of motor mapping studies in the lower limb and few conducted in healthy cohorts. The cortical motor representations of muscles can vary between individuals in terms of center position and area despite having a general localized region within the motor cortex. It is important to characterize the normal range for these variables in healthy cohorts to be able to evaluate changes in clinical populations. TMS was used in this cross-sectional study to assess the active motor threshold (AMT) and cortical representation area for rectus femoris in 15 healthy individuals (11 M/4F 27.3 ± 5.9 years). No differences were found between hemispheres (Left vs. Right P = 0.130) for AMT. In terms of y-axis center position no differences were found between hemispheres (Left vs. Right P = 0.539), or for the x-axis center position (Left vs. Right P = 0.076). Similarly, no differences in calculated area of the motor representation were found (Left vs. Right P = 0.699) indicating symmetry between hemispheres.