Diapause dynamics, seasonal phenology, and pupal color dimorphism of Papilio polyxenes in southern Florida, USA

In the European grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana (Denis and Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), it has recently been shown that volatiles emitted from the main host plant, grapevine, are attractive to adult females. Here, using wind tunnel experiments, we tested the attractiveness of various grapevine, Vitis vinifera L. (Vitaceae), plant parts at different phenological stages, including ripe berries infested with the pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea (Persoon: Fries) (Sclerotiniaceae) to laboratory‐reared virgin and mated male and female moths. We also tested the attractiveness of the non‐host plant, tansy [Tanacetum vulgare (L.) (Asteraceae)], as flowers and flower volatiles were previously shown to be attractive to L. botrana females in the field. Mated female moths were the only adults to exhibit upwind orientation to grape plant parts in the flight tunnel. The most attractive parts of the grapevine plants were leaves, flower buds, and ripe berries. No attraction was observed to flowers. This corresponds to the phenological stages available when females of the 2–3 generations during a year are present in the field. No attraction was observed to leaves and flowers of tansy.     

Relative performance of European grapevine moth (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lobesia botrana</Emphasis>) on grapes and other hosts

The European grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana is a major grapevine pest, but despite the abundance of vineyards it is a generalist and uses either grapes or alternative species. Given the abundance and predictability of grape, L. botrana could be expected to have evolved towards monophagy. In order to understand why this species remains polyphagous, we hypothesized that larvae reared on rare wild host plants should have higher fitness than those reared on the more abundant grape host. For this, we compared larval performance and several life history traits on three alternative host plants (Daphne gnidium, Olea europaea, Tanacetum vulgare) and three Vitaceae (Vitis vinifera), two cultivars and one wild species (Ampelopsis brevipedunculata), and two control groups raised on either a low or a high nutritive value medium. Alternative hosts are more suitable than Vitaceae for the reproductive performance of L. botrana: larval mortality and development time was reduced, while pupal weight, growth rate, female longevity, female fecundity, duration of laying and mating success were increased. High quality food ingested by larvae promotes higher adult body weight and enhances female reproductive output. This suggests that alternative hosts provide greater nutritional value for L. botrana than Vitaceae. The use of alternative host plants could thus be maintained in the host range because they offer L. botrana a better fitness than on the Vitaceae. This could typically represent an advantage for moths behaving in plant diversity grape landscapes.     

Wolbachia is present in the European grapevine moth

The European grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana, has high economic impact on grapevines being one of the most harmful pests of vineyards worldwide. Wolbachia infection has not yet been reported for this moth. We systematically look for Wolbachia presence in L. botrana from three areas within the viticultural region of Alentejo (Portugal), via wsp gene specific PCR, and consistently found its presence. The interaction between the grapevine, its associated moth pest and the Wolbachia needs to be further explored, towards its potential in the development of symbiosis-based pest management strategies.     

Prospective analysis of the invasive potential of the European grapevine moth Lobesia botrana (Den. & Schiff.) in California

• 1 The polyphagous European grapevine moth Lobesia botrana (Den. & Schiff.) is the principal native pest of grape berries in the Palearctic region. It was found in Napa County, California, in 2009, and it has subsequently been recorded in an additional nine counties, despite an ongoing eradication programme. The present study aimed to assess prospectively its potential geographical distribution and relative abundance in California and the continental U.S.A. A subsidiary goal was to provide explanation for timing control measures.
• 2 Data from the European literature were used to formulate and parameterize a holistic physiologically‐based demographic model for L. botrana. This model was linked to an extant mechanistic model of grapevine phenology, growth and development that provides the bottom‐up effects of fruiting phenology, age and abundance on L. botrana dynamics. Fruit age affects larval developmental rates, and has carryover effects on pupal development and adult fecundity. Also included in the model were the effects of temperature on developmental, survival and fecundity rates.
• 3 Observed daily weather data were used to simulate the potential distribution of the moth in California, and the continental U.S.A. The relative total number of pupae per vine per year was used as the metric of favourability at all locations. The simulation data were mapped using grass gis ( http://grass.osgeo.org/ ).
• 4 The model predicts L. botrana can spread statewide with the highest populations expected in the hotter regions of southern California and the lower half of the Central Valley. In the U.S.A., areas of highest favourability include south Texas, and much of the southeast U.S.A.
• 5 The effects of a warmer climate on pest abundance were explored by increasing observed mean temperatures 2° and 3 °C. L. botrana abundance is expected to increase in northern California and in the agriculturally rich Central Valley but to decrease in the hot deserts of southern California where summer temperatures would approach its upper thermal limit.
• 6 Analysis of the timing of mating disruption pheromone for control of L. botrana suggests the greatest benefit would accrue by targeting adults emerging from winter diapause pupae and the flight of first summer adults.

     

新入侵害虫葡萄花翅小卷蛾的生物学特性

【目的】掌握新入侵我国的进境植物检疫性害虫葡萄花翅小卷蛾在吐鲁番市的生物学特性及种群周年发生规律,为其综合防治提供理论依据。【方法】在田间以性引诱剂定点监测、野外网室笼罩饲养以及室内人工饲养相结合的方法,观察葡萄花翅小卷蛾生活习性及其种群发生规律。【结果】该虫在我国新疆吐鲁番市1 a发生5代,以蛹在葡萄藤皮下越冬。越冬蛹翌年3月底—4月初（葡萄开墩）开始羽化,4月上旬为羽化高峰期（清明节前后）,中旬为羽化末期。越冬代成虫将卵产于花芽上,4月中旬第1代幼虫开始孵化;第1代成虫于5月中旬开始羽化,5月下旬羽化结束;第2代成虫于6月下旬开始出现,7月上旬为羽化高峰期;第3代成虫于7月底开始羽化,8月上旬为羽化高峰期;第4代成虫于8月底开始羽化,9月上旬为羽化高峰期;越冬代幼虫10月上旬开始化蛹越冬,大部分幼虫更趋向于在老树的藤皮下化蛹。成虫的飞行、取食、交配、产卵等行为多发生在黄昏。越冬代成虫将卵产于葡萄花序萼片以及花蕾上;第1~3代成虫将卵产于葡萄果实表面,第4代成虫将卵产于葡萄二次开的花絮上,卵单产,单雌产卵量为20~40粒左右。第1代幼虫取食葡萄花絮,第2~4代幼虫危害葡萄果实,并有自相残杀的习性,糖醋液（红糖：醋：酒：水=6：3：1：10）对成虫有一定的诱杀效果。【结论】该虫在吐鲁番1 a发生5代,各世代划分明显,越冬代发生数量最大,无世代重叠现象,随温度升高各世代和虫态的发育历期缩短,幼虫在葡萄整个生长季节均造成危害,第3、4代幼虫危害成熟果实,引起果实大量腐烂并造成严重经济损失。     

Feeding insects with a phytopathogenic fungus influences their diapause and population dynamics

Abstract.  1. A facultative mutualistic relationship between a herbivorous moth, Lobesia botrana , and a phytopathogenic fungus, Botrytis cinerea , both damaging the same plant, the vine, has been demonstrated recently. Laboratory and field studies were carried out to determine the influence of the presence of the fungus in food on larvae during the pre- and post-diapause periods and on the global fitness of the insect.
2. During the pre-diapause period, larvae fed on fungus exhibited a higher survival rate and a faster larval development than insects reared without fungus.
3. After the wintering diapause, insects reared with fungus displayed a better synchronisation of adult emergence and an increased fecundity compared with control insects.
4. These results indicate that food containing fungus provides an improved diet, permitting the herbivorous insect to obtain nutrients required to optimise their life-history traits.
5. In addition, the results emphasise the importance of the nutritional quality of larval diet, improved by addition of the fungus, on diapause termination and on the demography of the insect before and after the wintering diapause.     

葡萄花翅小卷蛾抗药性研究进展

葡萄花翅小卷蛾是葡萄上的重要害虫,具有多食性、多化性等生物学特点,抗逆能力极强。该虫起源于欧洲,现已入侵全球多个国家。葡萄花翅小卷蛾主要以幼虫取食葡萄花序、幼果和成熟果实,给葡萄生产造成重大损失;其危害有利于真菌的侵入,导致灰霉病、白粉病等病害大量发生,从而造成葡萄腐烂。由于该虫入侵风险极高,已被我国列为重要的进境检疫性有害生物。国外对葡萄花翅小卷蛾的防治主要采用化学杀虫剂,由于长期大量且不合理地使用化学杀虫剂,葡萄花翅小卷蛾已对多种不同类型的杀虫剂产生了抗药性。本研究总结了葡萄花翅小卷蛾的抗性测定方法、抗性现状及其抗性机理,同时结合国外葡萄花翅小卷蛾抗性和防治相关研究,提出该虫抗性治理策略,并对我国预防该虫的入侵提出建议。     

Reproductive strategies and parasitization behavior of Ageniaspis citricola, a parasitoid of the citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella

We describe the number, distribution, and function of sensilla located on different organs of Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) females using scanning electron microscopy, selective staining, and contact electrophysiology. The tarsi of the prothoracic legs bear contact chemo‐mechanoreceptor sensilla chaetica (5–13 per tarsomere), arranged in rings mainly concentrated on ventral surfaces, and different mechanosensory structures (sensilla chaetica, sensilla squamiformia, sensilla campaniformia, and spines). A single contact chemo‐mechanoreceptor sensillum chaeticum is present between the claws on the pretarsus. The ventral surface of the ovipositor lobes is covered with numerous mechanosensory sensilla chaetica of different types, out of which 10 have a contact chemosensory function. Putative contact chemo‐mechanoreceptor sensilla were also observed on the proboscis and antenna. Longitudinal rows of alternated sensilla styloconica and basiconica are present on the distal part of the proboscis, and rings of sensilla chaetica are present at the antennal tip. The sensilla on these body parts may play different roles in the selection of an oviposition site.     

Global warming affects phenology and voltinism of Lobesia botrana in Spain

• 1 Climate change is promoting alterations of a very diverse nature in the life cycle of an array of insect species, including changes in phenology and voltinism. In Spain, there is observational evidence that the moth Lobesia botrana Den. & Schiff. (Lep.: Tortricidae), a key vine pest that is usually trivoltine in Mediterranean latitudes, tends to advance spring emergence, displaying a partial fourth additional flight, a fact that is potentially attributable to global warming.
• 2 To verify this hypothesis, local temperatures were correlated with L. botrana phenology in six vine‐growing areas of southwestern Spain during the last two decades (1984–2006) by exploiting the database of flight curves obtained with sexual pheromone traps. The dates of second and third flight peaks of the moth were calculated for each area and year and then correlated with both time (years) and local temperatures.
• 3 The results obtained demonstrated a noteworthy trend towards local warming (as a result of global warming) in the last two decades, with mean increases in annual and spring temperatures of 0.9 and 3.0°C, respectively. Therefore, L. botrana phenology has significantly advanced by more than 12 days. Moreover, the phenological advance contributed to increased moth voltinism in 2006 by promoting a complete fourth additional flight, a fact that has never been reported previously to our knowledge in the Iberian Peninsula.
• 4 The potential impact of an earlier phenology and increased voltinism in L. botrana is discussed from an agro‐ecological perspective.

     

Occurrence of two different development patterns in Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larvae during the second generation

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