Molecular Characterization of the Total Bacteria and Dissimilatory Arsenate-Reducing Bacteria in Core Sediments of the Jianghan Plain,Central China

Arsenic contamination in groundwater has been reported in the Jianghan Plain of China since 2005, yet little is known about the microbial communities involved in As mobilization in this area, especially the dissimilatory arsenate-reducing bacteria (DARB) communities. Here, we conducted a cultivation-independent investigation on core sediments collected from a region with arsenic-contaminated groundwater in the Jianghan Plain to reveal the total bacteria and DARB community structures. Highly diverse As-resistant bacteria communities were found from sediment samples via high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Notably, we identified 27 unique arrA gene (encoding the alpha subunit of dissimilatory arsenate reductase) phylotypes, none of which was related to any previously described arrA gene sequence. This suggests a novel and unique DARB community in the sediments of the Jianghan Plain and expands our knowledge about the distribution and diversity of this group of bacteria in natural environments. Moreover, RDA and CCA demonstrated that total bacterial communities and specific functional groups are controlled by different environmental factors. Specifically, sediment pH, NH₄⁺, total nitrogen, total Fe, total organic carbon and total phosphorus were the key factors driving total bacterial community compositions, while As significantly shaped DARB community structures. This report is the first to describe DARB communities and their correlation with environmental factors in Jianghan Plain sediments, which could give us clues about the origin of the arsenic contamination of groundwater in this region.     

关于提高物种划分合理性的意见

正这是我在The Flora of Pan-Himalaya(泛喜马拉雅植物志)第二次全体国内作者会议上关于物种划分问题的发言的结尾部分。我认为物种划分是分类学(狭义)的核心内容,所以我以辐冠参属(Pseudocodon)的鸡蛋参复合群(Pseudocodon convolvulaceus complex)和芍药属(Paeonia)的滇牡丹复合群(Paeonia delavayi complex)为例,重点陈述了我处理物种划分的思路和做法。发言后,不少听众很关注我的十点看法,更有些同事希望我发表出来。我感谢同事们的好意。物种是生物多样性的基本单元,所以我把发言稍加修改后在《生物多样性》发表,表达我对物种划分的观点。我是把这十点意见作为讨论和点评的靶子发表的,希望能引起同行的关注、讨论和点评。     

长江平原区乡村景观的结构、管理及其对土壤氮磷的影响

通过实地研究主要位于宜兴市域的区域乡村景观代表性样方,评价并阐明了人口密集的长江平原区乡村景观的结构、管理与土壤全氮、全磷密度和储量的关系.景观绘图是基于1m分辨率的IKONOS影像并采用生态立地分类及绘图标准,通过直接解译和实地检验对均质景观缀块进行分类和绘图;依据区域权重分层取样方法,在生态立地缀块中随机设定取样点进行土壤或底泥取样;通过自助法对12个样方重取样,用区域多变量最优化方法计算样方的区域权重,并结合不确定性分析模型评价区域土地利用/覆被、土壤全氮和全磷储量.结果表明:在85.24×103km2的长江平原区乡村景观面积范围内,0～30cm土壤全氮、全磷储量分别为29.87Tg N和 19.79Tg P.最大的5种土地利用/覆被的类型为水田、水产养殖、非渗漏性建筑用地、旱地1年生作物和闲置水域,占区域总面积的82.9%;其土壤全氮、全磷储量分别占区域总量的82.6%和80.8%.其中平原稻田面积为38.93×103km2,占总面积的45.5%;其0～30cm土壤全氮、全磷储量分别高达15.26Tg N和9.13Tg P,分别占总储量的51%和45%.揭示了人口密集的乡村景观中土地利用/覆被方式对区域土壤全氮、全磷的影响模式.这种在小尺度下对土地管理调查,土壤全氮、全磷及其它生态特征研究方法的精确度明显优于传统的基于30～1000m分辨率遥感影像的土地覆被研究.     

辽河流域栽培稻对二化螟(Chilo suppressalis)的抗性

采用活体成株鉴定法测定了辽河流域主栽水稻品种对二化螟发育和为害的影响,同时测定了不同品种的主要形态特性、硅细胞数量和主要生化特性,评价这些品种对二化螟的抗性、分析其发生的可能机制。盐丰47对二化螟幼虫表现出较好的抗性,在沈农265上二化螟幼虫体重最小。在所测定的特性中,螟害株率与不同品种倒二叶叶角的自然对数之间具有显著的正相关关系,与稻茎Si含量之间具有显著的负线性相关关系;二化螟幼虫体重只与不同品种稻茎直径之间具有显著的正线性相关关系．研究结果对水稻品种杭件利用和未来水稻抗件育种的意义。     

下辽河平原降雨中氮素的动态变化

为了了解降雨中氮对农田生态系统的影响,分析了2004-2006年下辽河平原连续3年定位收集的降雨观测资料与历史资料.结果表明:降雨中氮输入量季节变化显著,夏季最高,这主要与降雨量及空气中NH4 -N浓度变化有关;降雨中DON量与NO3--N含量相当,均接近24%,是雨水中氮的重要组分;与1985年相比,近3年降雨输入到该地区农田生态系统的年氮通量已有较大提高,降雨较多的2005年输入的无机氮量更是20年前的2倍以上;2004-2006年随降雨输入农田生态系统的氮平均占可利用肥料氮的28.3%,对农田生态系统有着重要影响.     

基于模型和物质流分析方法的食物链氮素区域间流动——以黄淮海区为例

研究利用养分流动的方法建立区域氮素流动模型,试图分析氮素养分在区域间的流动状况.以黄淮海区为例,提出氮素调控策略.结果表明: 2005年,黄淮海区化肥、饲料、植物食物和动物食物氮素盈缺率分别为33%、-120%、38%和65%.养分势是区域食物链养分流动的原动力,此外,人口数、城镇化率、耕地面积、GDP、运输距离、运价、市场价格和政府调控等也是影响食物链氮素养分在区域间流动的重要因素.2005年,黄淮海区是化肥、食物氮素的源,而是饲料氮素的汇.北京地区无论化肥、饲料和食物氮素都为汇.北京地区单位耕地承载外地区调入的氮素养分负荷为872 kg/hm2.即使这些养分全部在本区域返还农田还存在很大的环境风险.因此,对环北京都市圈食物链氮素养分应该进行区域间协同管理.     

豫东平原杨\|农复合系统凋落物的数量、组成及其动态

农林复合系统的凋落物既是维持植被系统和土壤系统养分循环的关键,也是维持农林复合系统结构和功能的重要因子.通过对豫东平原农区4年生、9年生和12年生3个不同林龄杨-农复合系统杨树凋落物的数量、组成及季节动态的研究来为深入研究农林复合系统对大气中CO2的调节作用以及碳循环机理提供参考数据.结果表明,4a杨-农复合系统年凋落物总量为11 18 t·hm-2;9a杨-农间作复合系统年凋落物总量为12.86 t·hm-2;12a杨-农复合系统年凋落物总量为13.75 t·hm-2.3个不同林龄的杨-农复合系统凋落物总量月变化模式较为相似,均在8月和11月份出现峰值,而以11月份数量最大.其季节变化模式则为秋季>冬季>夏季>春季.     

White-Tailed Deer Foraging Habitat in Intensively Established Loblolly Pine Plantations

ABSTRACT Stand establishment techniques involving multiple herbicide applications are commonly used on industrial pine (Pinus spp.) plantations, raising concern over potential effects on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) forage production. We tested effects of stand establishment intensity on deer forage in 1–5-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations (n = 4) in the East Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi using forage biomass and 4 measures of nutritional carrying capacity that reflected crude protein or digestible energy requirements for body maintenance and lactation. We also assessed whether forage biomass combined with a deer use rating effectively indexed nutritional carrying capacity. Treatments were combinations of mechanical site preparation, chemical site preparation (CSP), and herbaceous weed control (HWC). Total forage biomass and forage biomass of grasses and forbs were reduced by broadcast HWC. Forage biomass of vines was reduced both by CSP and by multiple broadcast HWC applications. Maintenance-level carrying capacity estimates were reduced by broadcast HWC; lactation-level estimates were higher in moderate-intensity treatments. We believe the inherently low fertility of this region makes high-quality forage production a more important management priority than increasing forage quantity. Chemical or chemical and mechanical site preparation combined with banded HWC provided the best option for providing both forage quality and quantity in open-canopied, intensively managed pine plantations. Biomass-based indices may be suitable for indexing protein-based maintenance-level carrying capacity in this region, but our results indicated they were not useful for indexing other carrying capacity estimates.     

Assessing Ecoregional-Scale Habitat Suitability Index Models for Priority Landbirds

ABSTRACT Emerging methods in habitat and wildlife population modeling promise new horizons in conservation but only if these methods provide robust population-habitat linkages. We used Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data to verify and validate newly developed habitat suitability index (HSI) models for 40 priority landbird species in the Central Hardwoods and West Gulf Coastal Plain/Ouachitas Bird Conservation Regions. We considered a species’ HSI model verified if there was a significant rank correlation between mean predicted HSI score and mean observed BBS abundance across the 88 ecological subsections within these Bird Conservation Regions. When we included all subsections, correlations verified 37 models. Models for 3 species were unverified. Rank correlations for an additional 5 species were not significant when analyses included only subsections with BBS abundance >0. To validate models, we developed generalized linear models with mean observed BBS abundance as the response variable and mean HSI score and Bird Conservation Region as predictor variables. We considered verified models validated if the overall model was an improvement over an intercept-only null model and the coefficient on the HSI variable in the model was >0. Validation provided a more rigorous assessment of model performance than verification, and models for 12 species that we verified failed validation. Species whose models failed validation were either poorly sampled by BBS protocols or associated with woodland and shrubland habitats embedded within predominantly open landscapes. We validated models for 25 species. Habitat specialists and species reaching their highest densities in predominantly forested landscapes were more likely to have validated models. In their current form, validated models are useful for conservation planning of priority landbirds and offer both insight into limiting factors at ecoregional scales and a framework for monitoring priority landbird populations from readily available national data sets.     

干旱年份三江平原沼泽甲烷(CH4)排放及影响因子

为了研究淡水沼泽CH4排放的影响因子及其机制,在中国东北部的三江平原样地观测了CH4排放通量以及部分影响因子.结果表明,在2003年4～10月生长季内,毛果苔草沼泽CH4通量平均值为3.30 mg·m-2·h-1(最小值为0.65 mg·m-2·h-1,最大值为13.47 mg·m-2·h-1),低于小叶章沼泽化草甸CH4通量平均值4.91 mg·m-2·h-1(最小值为-0.12 mg·m-2·h-1,最大值为16.25 mg·m-2·h-1).在不同阶段,两种类型沼泽CH4通量有明显的变化,控制因子也不一样.4月份低温限制了CH4通量,两种类型沼泽差异很小.5～7月下旬,小叶章沼泽化草甸CH4通量显著高于毛果苔草沼泽CH4通量(P＜0.01),这种差异是由融冻作用造成的.8月份,植株密度和剖面中活性有机碳的浓度成为主要的影响因子,毛果苔草沼泽CH4通量比小叶章沼泽化草甸高.