Larval RNAi in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tribolium</Emphasis> (Coleoptera) for analyzing adult development

We report here on the use of RNA interference (RNAi) to create pupal and adult loss-of-function phenotypes in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, by injection of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into late instar larvae (we refer to this method as larval RNAi). RNAi is well-established as a useful method to mimic loss-of-function phenotypes in many organisms including insects. However, with a few exceptions (such as in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster), RNAi analysis has usually been limited to studies of embryogenesis. Here we demonstrate that injection of green fluorescent protein (GFP) dsRNA into the larval body cavity can inhibit GFP expression beginning shortly after injection and continuing through pupal and adult stages. RNAi analysis of the Tc-achaete-scute-homolog (Tc-ASH) revealed that larval RNAi can induce morphological defects in adult beetles, and also that larval RNAi affects the entire body rather than being localized near the site of injection. The larval RNAi technique will be useful to analyze gene functions in post-embryonic development, giving us the opportunity to study the molecular basis of adult morphological diversity in various organisms.Edited by D. Tautz     

香菇多糖与金葡素治疗恶性胸腔积液的临床研究

目的:恶性胸腔积液是晚期非小细胞肺癌常见的并发症,严重影响患者的生活质量及预后。治疗恶性胸腔积液的方法虽多,但疗效有限,且目前尚无统一的治疗规范。本研究通过向胸腔内注入香菇多糖和金葡素,观察其治疗恶性胸腔积液的疗效和安全性。方法:60例恶性胸腔积液患者随机分成两组,每组30例:A组(香菇多糖组),B组(金葡素组)。通过胸腔闭式引流术排净胸腔积液后,分别向胸腔内注入香菇多糖、金葡素,评价两组的有效率和毒副反应。结果:两组疗效显著:香菇多糖组CR 11例,PR 12例,NC 3例,PD 4例,治疗有效率为76.7%,金葡素组CR 14例,PR 11例,NC 4例,PD 2例,治疗有效率为83.3%,两组疗效比较无显著性差异(x2=0.42,P0.05);两组毒副反应轻微,主要为骨髓抑制、胃肠道反应和发热,两组毒副反应比较无显著性差异(x2=0.58,P0.05),全组无毒性相关死亡。结论:胸腔内注入香菇多糖和金葡素可有效杀灭肿瘤细胞、促进胸膜粘连,显著缓解症状,提高机体免疫功能,改善生活质量和预后。二者疗效相当,不良反应轻微,值得临床大力推荐应用。     

The Influence of Lentinan on the Capacity of Repair of DNA Damage and Apoptosis Induced by Paclitaxel in Mouse Bone Marrow Cells

The ability of the flavonoid lentinan (LAN) to enhance the repair of paclitaxel (PAC)‐induced DNA damage and apoptosis in mouse bone marrow cells was investigated. Moreover, the possible mechanism underlying this modulation was determined. LAN was neither genotoxic nor apoptogenic at doses equivalent to 1 or 2 mg/kg/day. Pretreatment of mice with LAN significantly enhances the repair of PAC‐induced DNA damage and bone marrow suppression in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, LAN affords significant protection against PAC‐induced apoptosis. A significant increase of reactive oxygen species and a decrease in reduced glutathione levels were observed after PAC treatment and prior administration of LAN before PAC challenge ameliorated these oxidative stress markers. Conclusively, our study provides, for the first time, that LAN enhances the repair of PAC‐induced DNA damage and apoptosis that resides, at least in part, on its ability to modulate the cellular antioxidant levels and consequently protect bone marrow cells from PAC genotoxicity. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J BiochemMol Toxicol 27:370‐377, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com . DOI 10.1002/jbt.21499     

丹红注射液辅助西药对脑血栓患者氧化应激及血管内皮功能的影响

摘要 目的：研究丹红注射液辅助西药对脑血栓患者氧化应激及血管内皮功能的影响。方法：选择2018年1月～2019年12月于我院诊治的90例脑血栓患者,根据治疗方法将其分为两组。对照组西药治疗,给予前列地尔注射液、依达拉奉注射液和阿司匹林肠溶片;观察组在对照组治疗基础上,联用丹红注射液,两组均治疗14 d。比较两组的髓过氧化物酶（Myeloperoxidase, MPO）、超氧化歧化酶（Superoxide dismutase, SOD）、脂质过氧化物（Lipid peroxide, LPO）、丙二醛（Malondialdehyde, MDA）、D 二聚体(D-Dimer, DD）及超敏C反应蛋白(High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, hs- CRP ）水平,一氧化氮（Nitric oxide,NO）和内皮素-1（endothelin-1,ET-1）水平及认知功能评分。结果：观察组脑血栓患者的有效率明显高于对照组(P<0.05）;治疗后,两组血清SOD、NO水平均明显升高(P<0.05）,MPO、MDA、LPO、D-D、hs- CRP和ET-1水平均明显降低(P<0.05）,且观察组上述指标的变化水平明显优于对照组(P<0.05）;治疗后,两组的NIHSS评分明显降低(P<0.05）,且观察组更低(P<0.05）。结论：丹红注射液辅助西药能改善脑血栓的神经功能和血管内皮功能,提高疗效,减轻患者的神经功能缺损程度,其作用机制可能与抗自由基、减轻炎症反应和抑制脂质过氧化反应等有关。     

痰热清注射液联合头孢他啶对心力衰竭合并肺部感染患者的疗效探讨

摘要 目的：研究痰热清注射液联合头孢他啶对心力衰竭合并肺部感染患者的疗效。方法：选择2019年1月～2019年12月我院收治的81例心力衰竭合并肺部感染患者,随机奇偶法分为两组。均给予抗感染、抗心律失常、吸氧、利尿、扩血管、平喘和强心等治疗。对照组静脉滴注头孢他啶,每天两次,每次2.0 g;观察组在头孢他啶的基础上加用痰热清注射液,每天静脉滴注1次,每次20 mL。检测两组的血清C 反应蛋白（C-reactive protein,CRP）、白细胞介素 -1β（interleukin-1β,IL-1β）、降钙素原（procalcitonin,PCT）和白细胞介素 -8（interleukin-8,IL-8）水平、左心室舒张期末内径（Left ventricular end diastolic diameter,LVEDD）、6 min步行试验（6 min walking test ,6MWT）、左心室射血分数（Left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF）。结果：观察组的有效率为95.00 %,明显高于对照组的73.17 %（P<0.05）;治疗前,两组的血清CRP、 IL-1β、PCT和IL-8水平无差异（P>0.05）,治疗后,两组的上述指标均明显降低（P<0.05）,且观察组更低（P<0.05）;治疗前,两组的LVEDD、6MWT和LVEF无差异（P>0.05）,治疗后,两组的上述指标明显改善（P<0.05）,观察组更为明显（P<0.05）。结论：痰热清注射液联合头孢他啶对心力衰竭合并肺部感染患者有比较显著的疗效,能明显降低其血清炎症指标,有效控制感染,改善心功能,值得进行推广。     

酚妥拉明联合银杏达莫治疗慢性肺源性心脏病疗效观察

目的:观察酚妥拉明联合银杏达莫对慢性肺源性心脏病心衰患者的疗效,为临床治疗提供依据。方法:将90例患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各45例。两组采用常规内科治疗如控制感染、氧疗、强心、利尿等,治疗组在上述治疗基础上加用酚妥拉明20mg+银杏达莫25 mL于10%葡萄糖注射液500 mL中静脉滴注,1次/d,疗程均为10 d。结果:治疗组的疗效、血气分析、血液流变学、功能的改善优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:酚妥拉明联合银杏达莫对慢性肺源性心脏病心衰患者具有良好的疗效及安全性,值得临床推广应用。     

Immunomodulatory beta-glucan from Lentinus edodes activates mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor-kappaB in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages

Lentinan, a cell wall β-glucan from the fruiting bodies of Lentinus edodes, is well known to be a biological defense modifier, but the signal transduction pathway(s) induced by Lentinan have not been elucidated. In this study, we extracted Lentinan (LNT-S) by ultrasonication from Lentinus edodes and report that, in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages, LNT-S glucan activated NF-κB p65 and triggered its nuclear translocation as determined by Western blotting. Moreover, LNT-S enhanced NF-κB-luciferase activity in the Dual-Luciferase gene system assay. Its upstream signaling molecules, MAPKs such as ERK1/2 and JNK1/2, were shown to be activated by assessing the level of phosphorylation in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, but its downstream proinflammatory enzyme, inducible NOS, was not observed. The data evaluated using a TNF-α ELISA kit and Griess reagent further demonstrated that no proinflammatory mediators such as TNF-α and NO were produced by LNT-S stimulation in RAW 264.7 cells. In contrast, LPS significantly induced inducible NOS expression and increased NO and TNF-α production, which are associated with activation of the NF-κB p65/p50 heterodimer complex. It is possible that LNT-S did not activate NF-κB p65/p50, and the activation of NF-κB p65 was not sufficient to stimulate cytokine production. These data demonstrate that LNT-S glucan carries out its immunomodulating activity by activating MAPK signaling pathways without secretion of TNF-α and NO.     

A host-plant specialist, Helicoverpa assulta, is more tolerant to capsaicin from Capsicum annuum than other noctuid species

Plant secondary compounds not only play an important role in plant defense, but have been a driving force for host adaptation by herbivores. Capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide), an alkaloid found in the fruit of Capsicum spp. (Solanaceae), is responsible for the pungency of hot pepper fruits and is unique to the genus. The oriental tobacco budworm, Helicoverpa assulta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a specialist herbivore feeding on solanaceous plants including Capsicum annuum, and is one of a very few insect herbivores worldwide capable of feeding on hot pepper fruits. To determine whether this is due in part to an increased physiological tolerance of capsaicin, we compared H. assulta with another specialist on Solanaceae, Heliothis subflexa, and four generalist species, Spodoptera frugiperda, Heliothis virescens, Helicoverpa armigera, and Helicoverpa zea, all belonging to the family Noctuidae. When larvae were fed capsaicin-spiked artificial diet for the entire larval period, larval mortality increased in H. subflexa and H. zea but decreased in H. assulta. Larval growth decreased on the capsaicin-spiked diet in four of the species, was unaffected in H. armigera and increased in H. assulta. Food consumption and utilization experiments showed that capsaicin decreased relative consumption rate (RCR), relative growth rate (RGR) and approximate digestibility (AD) in H. zea, and increased AD and the efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) in H. armigera; whereas it did not significantly change any of these nutritional indices in H. assulta. The acute toxicity of capsaicin measured by injection into early fifth instar larvae was less in H. assulta than in H. armigera and H. zea. Injection of high concentrations produced abdominal paralysis and self-cannibalism. Injection of sub-lethal doses of capsaicin resulted in reduced pupal weights in H. armigera and H. zea, but not in H. assulta. The results indicate that H. assulta is more tolerant to capsaicin than the other insects tested, suggesting that this has facilitated expansion of its host range within Solanaceae to Capsicum after introduction of the latter to the Old World about 500 years ago. The increased larval survival and growth due to chronic dietary exposure to capsaicin suggests further adaptation of H. assulta to that compound, the mechanisms of which remain to be investigated.     

注射用丹参多酚酸盐联合丙戊酸钠治疗脑卒中后癫痫患者的疗效分析

目的:研究注射用丹参多酚酸盐联合丙戊酸钠对脑卒中后癫痫的临床疗效和安全性。方法:选择2016年1月～2019年4月东南大学附属中大医院江北院区神经内科住院的80例脑卒中后癫痫患者,将其随机分为两组。对照组的40例患者仅给予丙戊酸钠治疗,观察组的40例患者给予丹参多酚酸盐联合丙戊酸钠治疗。比较两组治疗后的脑电图检查结果、癫痫症状控制情况。结果:治疗后,观察组总有效率为明显高于对照组(97.50%vs. 80%,P0.05);两组的累及导联数、痫样放电、发作持续时间、发作次数较治疗前以及血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶(Neuron specific enolase,NSE)水平均较治疗前明显降低(P0.05),且观察组以上指标均明显低于对照组(P0.05)。两组的嗜睡、皮疹、头痛、感觉异常、恶心呕吐的发生率比较差异无明显统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:注射用丹参多酚酸盐联合丙戊酸钠治疗脑卒中后癫痫的疗效明显优于单用丙戊酸钠治疗,其可更有效控制癫痫症状,且安全性较高。     

三维超声复合成像技术监测甲状腺囊肿PEI 疗效

目的:本研究应用三维超声复合成像技术(3D-sonoCT)观察甲状腺囊肿无水酒精注射(PEI,percutaneous ethanol Injection)治疗前后变化,探讨其临床应用价值.方法:PEI治疗甲状腺囊肿55例,单纯性囊肿18例,复杂性囊肿37例,于PEI治疗前后进行二维及三维SonoCT显像.结果:三维sonoCT图像清晰、立体感强,可明确显示甲状腺囊肿内结构及PEI治疗前后变化.结论:三维sonoCT能提供更加丰富、直观的信息,是观察PEI治疗甲状腺囊肿疗效的有效手段.