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81.
广东鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林的主要优势乔木树种荷木和黧蒴幼苗生长于自然光照和人工调节CO2浓度为500±50μl·L-1或空气CO2(350μl·L-1)的气罩中3个月。高CO2浓度下生长的黧蒴和荷木植株总干物质量分别增加26.6%和16.6%,根部增加量最大,地上部分所占的比例降低,根冠比上升,基径增大而株高降低。高CO2浓度下生长的叶片密度及比叶重增加,叶肉细胞间隙体积减少。单位干重的黧蒴叶片可溶性糖含量、全碳、磷、钾含量在高CO2浓度下稍为下降,果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、全氮、镁含量及N/C比明显降低。而全钙含量无明显变化。 相似文献
82.
83.
Detached leaves of Cyclamen persicum Mill. can be used as a simple source-sink system. Phloem transport in the excised material was monitored by the noninvasive 11C-technique. Assimilate movement stopped immediately when the petiole was cut off. However, within 20 min a recovery of transport was observed. The translocation rate in the detached leaf was only 13% of that in the intact plant. 14C-Xenobiotics and [3H]sucrose were injected into the upper petiole parenchyma (source). They moved downstream by a symplastic route. The stump of the petiole was inserted into a buffer solution containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (sink). After 3 h, the distribution of sucrose and xenobiotics was determined in five subsequent segments of the petiole (path). The retention coefficient (r) was calculated from the ratio of radioactivity in the vascular bundle to that in the petiole parenchyma. The distribution along the vascular path was given by a geometric progression, whereas its constant was the transport coefficient (q). Values of r and q corresponded with the degree of phloem mobility and ambimobility. Four groups of compounds were classified: (i) acidic substances with log Kow = — 2 to — 2.4 (Kow is the partition coefficient octanol/water) at pH 8 (pH of sieve tube sap), retained by ion trapping and exhibiting small lateral efflux (q0.7; maleic hydrazide, dalapon); (ii) acidic substances with log Kow = — 0.7 to — 0.8 at pH 8, retained by ion trapping and subjected to a moderate lateral efflux (0.7>q> 0.5; 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, bromoxynil); (iii) nonionised substances retained by optimum permeability, exhibiting a considerable lateral leakage (q<0.5; glyphosate, amitrole); (iv) substances without basipetal transport in the phloem (atrazine, diuron). Retention of sucrose corresponded quantitatively with that shown in group (i). This classification was also supported by results of uptake and efflux experiments using the isolated conducting tissue. Theoretical translocation profiles were calculated from the determined transport coefficients (q).Abbreviations 2,4-D
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
- Kow
partition coefficient octanol/water
- MCPA
2-methyl-4-chloro-phenoxyacetic acid
- q
transport coefficient in the vascular bundle
- r
retention coefficient in the vascular bundle
The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of H. Fiedler and M. Neugebauer. We are particularly grateful to K. Dutschka, G. Hudepokl, and Dr. J. Knust for producing 11CO2. 相似文献
84.
The aim of this work was to discover whether the respiration of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Huntsman) leaves, transferred to darkness after 7 h photosynthesis, showed an initial period of wasteful respiration. For young and old leaves, CO2 production and O2 uptake after 7 h photosynthesis were up to 56% higher than at the end of an 8-h night. The maximum catalytic activities of citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7), aconitase (EC 4.2.1.3), fumarase (EC 4.2.1.2) and cytochrome-c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) at the end of the day did not differ from those at the end of the night. Changes in the contents of glucose 6-phosphate, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, and -ketoglutarate did not as a group parallel the changes in the rate of respiration. The detailed distribution of label from [U-14C] sucrose supplied to leaves in the dark was similar at the end of the day and the end of the night. No correlation was observed between the rates of leaf respiration and extension growth. It is argued that the higher rate of respiration at the beginning of the night cannot be attributed to wasteful respiration.Abbreviation RQ
respiratory quotient
We thank Dr H. Thomas and Professor C.J. Pollock, Institute for Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, UK for their generous help in measuring leaf extension. R.H.A. thanks the Science and Engineering Research Council for a studentship. 相似文献
85.
Takao Sibaoka 《Journal of plant research》1997,110(4):485-487
A wound stimulus evoked a number of repetivite action potentials in the leaf ofBiophytum sensitivum. When the cut end of a leaf was immersed in a leaf extract, the resulting repetitive action potentials continue for a long
time. These repetitive action potentials disappeared immediately when the leaf extract, which contains a proposed stimulant,
was removed and the cut end was washed with water. 相似文献
86.
We studied the spatial distribution of fruits and plants, mortality and growth rates ofScaphium macropodum (Sterculiaceae) in four 1-ha plots in a tropical rain forest in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The species is a large deciduous
tree and produces wind-dispersed fruits on defoliated twigs. The density of dispersed fruits on the ground decreased with
increasing distance from a parent tree. The area under the parent's crown had the highest density of the fruits and the highest
mortality of the seedlings immediately after germination. Consequently, the density of the established seedlings peaked 14
m from the tree which is outside its crown. Thick litter mainly from the parent tree seemed to physically prevent the seedlings'
root from reaching the soil surface and caused the high mortality. Juvenile and mature trees distributed exclusively, suggesting
that regeneration is the most successful outside of the crown of mature trees. Saplings under canopy shade did not grow well.Scaphium macropodum is hypothesized to require a gap for seedling growth and successful regeneration, whereas it can germinate and last under
closed canopies as suppressed seedlings or saplings. 相似文献
87.
J. C. Hunter 《Trees - Structure and Function》1997,11(3):169-175
For the angiosperm dominants of northern California’s mixed evergreen forests, this study compares the display of photosynthetic
tissue within leaves and along branches, and examines the correspondence between these morphological attributes and the known
environmental tolerances of these species. Measurements were made on both sun and shade saplings of six species: Arbutus
m
e
n
z
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e
s
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i (Ericaceae), C
h
r
y
s
o
l
e
p
i
s
c
h
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y
s
o
p
h
y
l
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a (Fagaceae), L
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t
h
o
c
a
r
p
u
s
d
e
n
s
i
f
l
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r
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s (Fagaceae), Quercus
c
h
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y
s
o
l
e
p
i
s (Fagaceae), Quercus
w
i
s
l
i
z
e
n
i
i (Fagaceae), and Umbellularia
c
a
l
i
f
o
r
n
i
c
a (Lauraceae). All species had sclerophyllous leaves with thick epidermal walls, but species differed in leaf specific weight,
thickness of mesophyll tissues and in the presence of a hypodermis, crystals, secretory idioblasts, epicuticular deposits,
and trichomes. The leaves of Arbutus were 2 – 5 times larger than those of C
h
r
y
s
o
l
e
p
i
s, L
i
t
h
o
c
a
r
p
u
s and Umbellularia and 4 – 10 times larger than those of both Quercus species. Together with differences in branch architecture, these leaf traits divide the species into groups corresponding
to environmental tolerances. Shade-tolerant C
h
r
y
s
o
l
e
p
i
s, L
i
t
h
o
c
a
r
p
u
s, and Umbellularia had longer leaf lifespans and less palisade tissue, leaf area, and crown mass per volume than the intermediate to intolerant
Arbutus and Quercus. Having smaller leaves, Quercus branches had more branch mass per leaf area and per palisade volume than other species, whereas Arbutus had less than other species. These differences in display of photosynthetic tissue should contribute to greater growth for
Quercus relative to the other species under high light and limited water, for Arbutus under high light and water availability, and for C
h
r
y
s
o
l
e
p
i
s, L
i
t
h
o
c
a
r
p
u
s, and Umbellularia under limiting light levels.
Accepted: 22 March 1996 相似文献
88.
E. Olivares 《Trees - Structure and Function》1997,11(6):370-377
Leaf aging and senescence in Clusia multiflora H.B.K. was investigated by artificial treatments, such as floating leaf discs on water in darkness, or darkening leaves attached
to the parent plant in situ in trees living in a tropical cloud forest. In both cases several parameters modified by age were
evaluated such as nitrogen levels, chlorophyll content, succulence and carbohydrates levels. A prolonged senescence (nearly
3 months in floating leaf discs) was observed, contrasting with species such as Heliocarpus americanus (5 days) and Cecropia palmatisecta (20 days), characterized by low values of leaf weight per area, but similar to species with high leaf weight per area and
with high levels of organic acids such as Clusia minor and Fourcroya humboldtiana, where acids may act as a reserve of C and energy. After 30 days in darkness C. multiflora leaf samples collected in the field did not show differences in comparison to non-darkened opposite leaves with respect to
chlorophyll, titratable protons and carbohydrates, and leaves performed photosynthesis after 2 months in darkness. The effect
of age in leaves was evaluated in a gradient of leaves, sampled at different positions from the apex and ranging in age from
15 days to 2 years old. The study of senescence in tropical wild plants is uncommon, but it is important knowledge for understanding
foliar development, and response to internal rather than environmental regulation in climates where seasons are not strongly
marked as is the case in the tropical mountain forest, where C. multiflora constitutes an important component in the early successional vegetation.
Received: 21 October 1996 / Accepted: 12 November 1996 相似文献
89.
E. Baldini Osvaldo Facini Fabrizio Nerozzi Federica Rossi Annalisa Rotondi 《Trees - Structure and Function》1997,12(2):73-81
Light partition has been examined and evaluated on five woody species (Olea europaea, Ficus carica, Pittosporum tobira, Hedera helix maculata, Persica vulgaris) in relation to their leaf morpho-histological characteristics, water and chlorophyll contents. Leaf parameters and optical
properties (reflectance, transmittance, absorbance) in PAR, FR and NIR wavebands (400–1100 nm) were preliminarily submitted
to a canonical correlation analysis where lamina thickness and water content showed a leading role in determining all the
optical properties, while chlorophyll, influential in the PAR region, was remarkably effective only in an extreme pigment
situation when green and albino patches of ivy leaves were compared. Transmittance appeared inversely related to lamina thickness
in accordance with the Lambert Beer law. Significant correlations were found also between mesophyll water content and both
transmittance (positive) and reflectance (negative). Olive leaves showed peculiar optical patterns because of the dense and
continuous trichome layer on their abaxial surface.
Received: 3 January 1997 / Accepted: 5 May 1997 相似文献
90.
Paraveinal mesophyll (PVM) is a distinctive anatomical feature of the leaf mesophyll of some plant taxa that may represent a specialized physiological compartment. A comprehensive review of the 42 published references that mention PVM or similar cell layers and a survey of 121 of the 272 species of all nine genera of thePhaseoleae subtribeErythrininae demonstrate that PVM is nearly exclusively found inLeguminosae. InLeguminosae, PVM is either rare or absent in subfamilyCaesalpinioideae, uncommon inMimosoideae, and extensively distributed amongPapilionoideae. In subtribeErythrininae, PVM is ubiquitous inErythrina, and occurs in four other genera. ThreeErythrininae genera (Apios, Mucuna, andCochlianthus) lack PVM. Unique chloroplast-poor, enlarged conical cells (pellucid palisade idioblasts) occur in 80 species ofErythrina but not in any other genus ofErythrininae. 相似文献