长三角地区植被覆盖演变城乡差异及其原因

城市生态环境和城市化之间的关系是城市可持续发展的关键。研究不同城市化水平下植被覆盖的长时间演变趋势,对理解城市化过程对植被生长动态的影响,城市更新以及推进城市绿化的科学管理具有重要意义。然而,目前对城市内部沿城乡梯度植被生长趋势差异的认识还比较有限。以我国城市化发展最为强烈的长三角地区为研究对象,基于2000-2020年长三角归一化植被指数数据,采用趋势分析和地理探测器方法,探究了长三角地区城市内部植被覆盖演变城乡差异,并从土地利用/覆被变化和城市化发展的角度解析其成因。研究结果表明：（1）2000-2020年长三角地区植被总体呈绿化趋势,植被明显绿化占最大比例（52.06%）,轻微绿化与稳定不变地区占31.68%,零星分布的褐化区占6.82%。（2）城市老城区植被覆盖变化总体呈现返绿趋势（0.016/10 a）,新城区褐化明显（-0.019/10 a）,农郊区绿化突出（0.023/10 a）。在上海、南京和杭州等人口城市化水平较高的城市中,老城区土地利用变化强度最高,其绿化趋势也最高,体现了城市更新过程对绿地空间的促进作用;而在人口城市化水平相对较低的宣城、蚌埠和阜阳等城市,土地利用变化强度相对较低的农郊区也呈现明显的绿化趋势,更多的是受到区域生态保护的影响。（3）土地城市化是长三角地区老城区和新城区植被覆盖变化的主导因子,而城市化因子对农郊区解释程度总体不显著。从长三角总体区域看,城镇人口比重、不透水面积/总面积以及地区生产总值三者对植被覆盖演变存在显著影响,其中城镇人口比重影响最大。     

基于遗传算法的土地利用优化：NSGA-Ⅱ和NSGA-Ⅲ的对比研究

土地利用优化通常要兼顾不同群体的多种要求,理论上是复杂的超多目标(4个及以上)优化问题。但实际操作中却往往被简化为多目标(2—3个)优化问题,通过一种流行的多目标优化算法第Ⅱ代非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)求解。究其原因是对超多目标优化算法认知的缺失和与多目标优化算法理论对比的匮乏。对NSGA系列中应用最广泛的多目标优化算法NSGA-Ⅱ和最新提出、面向超多目标优化的算法NSGA-Ⅲ进行探究,从理论和实验两方面对Ⅲ和Ⅱ进行对比,从而探究二者进行土地利用优化时的优劣。在理论上,对比两种算法原理的异同。在实验中,分别设计多目标(3个目标)和超多目标(13个目标)土地利用优化问题,利用两种算法进行求解。对实验结果采用四层架构、六大指标进行全面评价,以对比两种算法的可用性。理论对比发现,两个算法只有种群多样性保护的方法不同,其中NSGA-Ⅲ是基于与固定的参考点的距离,而NSGA-Ⅱ则是基于相邻解间的距离。通过实验对比发现,NSGA-Ⅲ在超多目标优化时运算速度快,且产生的最优方案实用价值更高,NSGA-Ⅱ在算法的有效性方面更有优势。     

宁夏河东沙区刺槐和丝绵木水分利用策略

刺槐和丝绵木混交林是宁夏河东沙区防护林建设的主要模式,了解刺槐和丝绵木的水分利用策略,能为区域植被恢复和防护林林分结构调整提供科学依据。以宁夏河东沙区刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)和丝绵木(Euonymus bungeanus)混交林为研究对象,通过监测微气象、树干液流和土壤质量含水量,结合大气降水、土壤水、植物木质部水同位素组成,采用Granier及其校正公式,运用贝叶斯混合模型(MixSIAR)和相似性比例指数(PS)研究2个树种的蒸腾耗水、水分来源和水分利用关系。结果表明：刺槐和丝绵木的蒸腾耗水量在生长季中期较高,前期和后期较小,刺槐的蒸腾耗水量是丝绵木的1.55倍;影响刺槐蒸腾耗水的主要环境因子为饱和水汽压差、太阳辐射、0—40 cm土壤质量含水量和40—120 cm土壤质量含水量;影响丝绵木蒸腾耗水的主要环境因子为饱和水汽压差、太阳辐射、平均气温、0—40 cm土壤质量含水量和40—120 cm土壤质量含水量;蒸腾耗水较高时,刺槐主要吸收利用中层土壤水,丝绵木主要吸收利用浅层土壤水,蒸腾耗水较低时,刺槐主要吸收利用浅层土壤水,丝绵木主要吸收利用中层土壤水;在...     

Mammal use of riparian corridors in semi-arid Sonora,Mexico

Wildlife populations in semi-arid regions are increasingly challenged by human activities and dependent on the connectivity of riparian corridors for access to surface water. The Madrean Archipelago is a biodiversity hotspot along the arid United States–Mexico borderlands that support both Neotropical and Nearctic wildlife. Infrastructure development (e.g., the border wall and the expansion of Mexican Federal Highway 2) in this region inhibits wildlife movement along the transnational mountain archipelago by disconnecting habitat. To explore the relationship between habitat variables and mammal use of riparian corridors in northern Sonora, Mexico, we collected data from 19 motion-sensitive cameras between October 2018 and April 2019 and used single-season occupancy models and Royle-Nichols abundance estimation models to analyze our data. We recorded 21 species of mammals, including the first sighting of jaguar (Panthera onca) in this region in 25 years. River characteristics (distance from river, riparian corridor width, water availability), remoteness (distance from highway, productivity, elevation), and topographic variety (vertical elevation difference) influenced patterns of occupancy probability and estimated abundance of mammals >1 kg, but the strength and direction of these relationships varied by species. Additionally, intermittently wet desert washes were comparable in species richness to the perennial system. These results highlight the importance of examining physical and biological aspects of habitat. This is especially true when identifying corridors where mitigation structures should be placed to improve wildlife connectivity in biodiversity hotspots like the Madrean Archipelago and semi-arid ecosystems worldwide.     

短花针茅叶片水分利用效率对放牧强度的响应及其影响因素

为明确植物的用水策略及适应性机制,以内蒙古四子王旗短花针茅荒漠草原为研究对象,设置对照(CK)、轻度放牧(LG)、中度放牧(MG)和重度放牧(HG)4个放牧梯度,其载畜率分别为每1 hm^(2)每年0、0.93、1.82和2.71个羊单位的放牧强度,调查建群种短花针茅的高度、盖度、密度、地上生物量以及土壤的理化性状,并且采用稳定碳同位素法和红外光合仪法对短花针茅水分利用效率进行了测定,旨在阐明短花针茅水分利用效率在不同放牧强度下的响应规律及其影响因素。结果显示:(1)放牧对短花针茅盖度、密度以及地上生物量的影响显著;随着载畜率的增大,有利于短花针茅的扩散使其分布面积增加,且在中度放牧条件下尤为明显。(2)随着放牧强度的增加,土壤水分含量较对照显著提高,土壤全氮含量呈先增加后减少的变化趋势,土壤速效钾呈现降低的变化趋势,而对土壤全碳含量和pH无显著影响,说明适度放牧能够提高土壤水分含量、促进土壤氮含量的积累,但放牧会导致土壤速效钾减少。(3)随着放牧强度的增大,短花针茅长期水分利用效率(WUE l)呈现“V”形变化趋势,而瞬时水分利用效率(WUE t)与内在水分利用效率(WUE i)总体呈降低的变化趋势。(4)相关分析显示,放牧强度与短花针茅密度、地上生物量呈显著正相关关系,土壤全氮含量与有机碳、pH、WUE i呈显著正相关关系,WUE t与WUE i呈显著正相关关系;短花针茅内在水分利用效率与土壤有机碳含量密切相关。研究表明,重度放牧导致短花针茅株丛破碎化,增加了种群的扩散面积,是短花针茅长期水分利用效率提高的直接原因;短花针茅瞬时水分利用效率随放牧强度的增加而降低可能是由其内在水分利用效率降低引起的。     

氮肥对2个杨树品种碳氮代谢的影响

研究以‘丹红’杨(美洲黑杨)和‘通辽1号’杨(小叶杨)为材料,在田间进行施氮肥和不施氮肥处理,分析2个杨树品种的生长性状、碳氮相关代谢物和发育木质部转录组的变化特征,探讨不同杨树品种氮肥利用的生理机制,为杨树的氮高效利用遗传育种奠定基础。结果表明:(1)‘丹红’杨和‘通辽1号’杨的总生物量在施氮处理后分别比不施氮处理提高了1.69倍和1.10倍;‘丹红’杨的总生物量在施氮肥和不施氮肥条件下分别是‘通辽1号’杨的13倍和10倍。(2)施氮处理显著抑制‘丹红’杨和‘通辽1号’杨树皮和木质部中总氮和多种水解氨基酸的含量,但是没有明显影响木质部的总碳、纤维素、半纤维素和木质素含量。(3)施氮处理显著影响了2个杨树品种发育木质部碳固定、糖代谢、氨基酸合成等碳氮代谢途径的基因的高表达,从而促进了植株生物量的积累。研究发现,施氮处理可以显著促进杨树发育木质部碳氮代谢途径相关基因的高表达,从而促进了杨树生物量的积累和生长;‘丹红’杨的木材产量在不同的氮素环境下都远远高于‘通辽1号’杨,更加适合人工林的大面积推广和种植。     

表油菜素内酯喷施时期对宽幅播种小麦产量和氮素利用率的影响

为明确协同提高宽幅播种小麦产量和氮素利用率的表油菜素内酯喷施时期,研究了不同生育时期喷施表油菜素内酯对小麦产量和氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明: 与喷施清水对照相比,喷施表油菜素内酯可通过提高小麦穗粒数或(和)千粒重提高产量,通过促进地上部氮素积累提高氮素吸收效率,进而提高氮素利用率,但不同时期喷施效果存在差异。起身期+灌浆期、拔节期+灌浆期、起身期+拔节期+灌浆期、起身期+开花期+灌浆期喷施处理在所有处理中穗粒数和千粒重增幅最大,产量增幅最高(12.8%～14.0%);同时地上部氮素积累量增幅最大,氮素吸收效率增幅最高(16.4%～18.8%),从而氮素利用率增幅最高。综合施用成本等因素,生产上可采用起身期+灌浆期或拔节期+灌浆期2次间隔喷施模式,实现宽幅播种小麦高产高效栽培。     

Experimental and computational characterization of mass transfer in high turndown bioreactors

Single-use bioreactors (SUBs, or disposable bioreactors) are extensively used for the clinical and commercial production of biologics. Despite widespread application, minimal results have been reported utilizing the turndown ratio; an operation mode where the working range of the bioreactor can be expanded to include low fluid volumes. In this work, a systematic investigation into free surface mass transfer and cell growth in high turndown single-use bioreactors is presented. This approach, which combines experimental mass transfer measurements with numerical simulation, deconvolutes the combined effects of headspace mixing and the free surface convective mass transfer on cell growth. Under optimized conditions, mass transfer across the interface alone may be sufficient to satisfy oxygen demands of the cell culture. Within the context of high turndown bioreactors, this finding provides a counterpoint to traditional sparge-based bioreactor operational philosophy. Multiple monoclonal antibody-producing cell lines grown using this high turndown approach showed similar viable cell densities to those cells expanded using a traditional cell bag rocker. Furthermore, cells taken directly from the turndown expansion and placed into production showed identical growth characteristics to traditionally expanded cultures. Taken together, these results suggest that the Xcellerex SUB can be run at a 5:1 working volume as a seed to itself, with no need for system modifications, potentially simplifying preculture operations.     

Doubling protected land area may be inefficient at preserving the extent of undeveloped land and could cause substantial regional shifts in land use

Projection of land use and land-cover change is highly uncertain yet drives critical estimates of carbon emissions, climate change, and food and bioenergy production. We use new, spatially explicit land availability data in conjunction with a model sensitivity analysis to estimate the effects of additional land protection on land use and land cover. The land availability data include protected land and agricultural suitability and is incorporated into the Moirai land data system for initializing the Global Change Analysis Model. Overall, decreasing land availability is relatively inefficient at preserving undeveloped land while having considerable regional land-use impacts. Current amounts of protected area have little effect on land and crop production estimates, but including the spatial distribution of unsuitable (i.e., unavailable) land dramatically shifts bioenergy production from high northern latitudes to the rest of the world, compared with uniform availability. This highlights the importance of spatial heterogeneity in understanding and managing land change. Approximately doubling the current protected area to emulate a 30% protected area target may avoid land conversion by 2050 of less than half the newly protected extent while reducing bioenergy feedstock land by 10.4% and cropland and grazed pasture by over 3%. Regional bioenergy land may be reduced (increased) by up to 46% (36%), cropland reduced by up to 61%, pasture reduced by up to 100%, and harvested forest reduced by up to 35%. Only a few regions show notable gains in some undeveloped land types of up to 36%. Half of the regions can reach the target using only unsuitable land, which would minimize impacts on agriculture but may not meet conservation goals. Rather than focusing on an area target, a more robust approach may be to carefully select newly protected land to meet well-defined conservation goals while minimizing impacts to agriculture.