荒漠植被种群分布格局的研究——一种新的三角形插值法

本文提出了一种研究植物种群分布格局的新三角形插值法,与二维网函数插值法相比,具有许多优点,它能提供后者所能提供的一切信息,如种群个体分布类型、斑块合计面积等,更为重要的是它克服了二维网函数插值法可插出负值的弊病,同时解决了模拟格局图的输出变形问题,计算结果更令人满意,极适合于天然植物群落分布格局的研究。     

降水空间插值技术的研究进展

降水的空间分布信息在水资源管理、灾害预测预警和区域可持续发展研究等方面的地位已越来越重要。然而,空间降水插值却一直是个难题,影响降水的因素很多,如经度、纬度、高程、坡度、坡向、离水体的距离等,建立一个通用的降水插值模型几乎是不可能的。空间降水插值方法很多,优缺点和适用性不同。总体上,降水的空间插值方法有3类：整体插值法（趋势面法和多元回归法等）、局部插值法（泰森多边形法、反距离加权法、克里金插值法和样条法）和混合插值法（整体插值法和局部插值法的综合）。近年来,随着应用数学和人工神经网络技术的发展,很多新方法如BP网络、径向基函数网络等逐渐应用到降水插值中。另外,研究区域和时间尺度的不同决定了所选用的插值方法及模型不同;即使是同一种插值方法,应用于不同的研究区域,所取得的结果也不同。因此,应根据具体的研究区域的自然地理特征,选择不同的插值方法建立不同的插值模型。在各种插值方法中,兼具其它插值方法优点的混合插值法有利于提高降水插值的精度,是未来降水插值研究的一个发展方向。     

Downscaling European species atlas distributions to a finer resolution: implications for conservation planning

Aim One of the limitations to using species’ distribution atlases in conservation planning is their coarse resolution relative to the needs of local planners. In this study, a simple approach to downscale original species atlas distributions to a finer resolution is outlined. If such a procedure yielded accurate downscaled predictions, then it could be an aid to using available distribution atlases in real‐world local conservation decisions. Location Europe. Methods An iterative procedure based on generalized additive modelling is used to downscale original European 50 × 50 km distributions of 2189 plant and terrestrial vertebrate species to c. 10 × 10 km grid resolution. Models are trained on 70% of the original data and evaluated on the remaining 30%, using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) procedure. Fitted models are then interpolated to a finer resolution. A British dataset comprising distributions of 81 passerine‐bird species in a 10 × 10 km grid is used as a test bed to assess the accuracy of the downscaled predictions. European‐wide, downscaled predictions are further evaluated in terms of their ability to reproduce: (1) spatial patterns of coincidence in species richness scores among different groups; and (2) spatial patterns of coincidence in richness, rarity and complementarity hotspots. Results There was a generally good agreement between downscaled and observed fine‐resolution distributions for passerine species in Britain (median Jaccard similarity = 70%; lower quartile = 36%; upper quartile = 88%). In contrast, the correlation between downscaled and observed passerine species richness was relatively low (rho = 0.31) indicating a pattern of error propagation through the process of overlaying downscaled distributions for many species. It was also found that measures of model accuracy in fitting original data (ROC) were a poor predictor of models’ ability to interpolate distributions at fine resolutions (rho = ?0.10). Although European hotspots were not fully coincident between observed and modelled coarse‐resolution data, or between modelled coarse resolution and modelled downscaled data, there was evidence that downscaled distributions were able to maintain original cross‐taxon coincidence of species‐richness scores, at least for terrestrial vertebrate groups. Downscaled distributions were also able to uncover important environmental gradients otherwise blurred by coarse‐resolution data. Main conclusions Despite uncertainties, downscaling procedures may prove useful to identify reserves that are more meaningfully related to local patterns of environmental variation. Potential errors arising from the presence of false positives may be reduced if downscaled‐distribution records projected to occur outside the range of original coarse‐resolution data are excluded. However, the usefulness of this procedure may be limited to data‐rich regions. If downscaling procedures are applied to data‐poor regions, then there is a need to undertake further research to understand the structure of error in models. In particular, it would be important to investigate which species are poorly modelled, where and why. Without such an assessment it is difficult to support unsupervised use of downscaled data in most real‐world situations.     

利用GIS和多变量分析估算青藏高原月降水

随着空间降水信息需求的日益增加,空间降水插值已被广泛应用。降水区域不同,插值方法不同;时间尺度不同,插值方法也不相同。适合于所有地区的通用降水插值模型是不存在的。青藏高原自然地理特征独特,分析高原降水的时空格局意义重要。以青藏高原及其周边地区140个气象站点的月降水信息及其该地区的数字高程数据(DEM)为基础,利用G IS工具,对比分析了五种插值方法在青藏高原不同降水年份(以1998年、1997年分别代表丰水及欠水年份)的干湿季(1998年的干湿季分别以12月份和8月份为代表,1997年的干湿季分别以1月份和7月份为代表)月降水插值中的应用,并对整个高原地区的干季和湿季的月降水进行制图。这5种插值方法分别是:克里金插值法、反距离加权法、样条法、混合插值法Ⅰ和混合插值法Ⅱ,前3种插值方法未考虑海拔高度对降水的影响,而混合插值法则将高程作为降水的重要影响因子。结果表明:①在干季,无论是丰水还是欠水年份,月降水量都比较少,高程对降水量的影响较小,在月降水插值时可不考虑高程的影响,克里金法的月降水插值精度最高。②在湿季,月降水量较多,高程的影响较大,混合插值法比局部插值法及克里金插值法的精度高,尤以混合插值法Ⅱ(多元回归和样条法的综合)的精度最高。③干季,整个高原的月降水很少,西部和北部降水最少,东部和南部相对较多;湿季,高原的月降水较多,空间格局表现为由东南向西北递减。     

基于地统计学丰林自然保护区森林生物量估测及空间格局分析

摘要： 基于丰林保护区1997年样地调查数据,根据一元生物量估测模型,计算样地生物量,在此基础上,利用ArcGIS地统计插值方法得到整个研究区森林生物量分布,并从林分结构（林型、林龄组）和地形因子（海拔、坡度、坡向）两个方面对保护区森林生物量空间格局进行了分析。结果表明,利用地统计插值得到区域水平的森林生物量是可行的,保护区森林平均生物量水平为171.5t/hm2,总生物量为3.08Tg(1Tg=1012g);不同林分结构（林型、林龄组）有不同的生物量水平;地形因子与生物量有显著的相关性,并得到它们之间的回归方程,为保护区森林生态系统的可持续经营提供了科学依据。