Age and growth of a colonizing minnow,Barbus anoplus,in a man-made lake in South Africa

Synopsis Aspects of the life history of Barbus anoplus were studied in Lake le Roux, a turbid man-made lake on the Orange River, South Africa. This minnow underwent a population explosion and successfully colonized the shoreline of the newly-formed lake during the early phases of reservoir filling. Male and female B. anoplus reach sexual maturity in one year at about 40 mm fork length. They have a multiple spawning habit with the first spawning in November–January and the second in February–March. The growth of the two resulting cohorts is discussed. It is proposed that the offspring from the second spawning not only acts as a ‘back-up’ but is capable of prolonging the life of that year-class into an additional reproductive season. Most of the minnows die after their second summer, but more offspring from the second spawning, especially females, live into a third summer. Females attain a larger maximum size (73 mm FL) and age (3–4 years) than males (60 mm FL, 2–3 years). B. anoplus is small and short-lived with a high seasonal reproductive potential, which is in contrast to the larger Barbus species in the Orange River system. These life-history traits enable the species to colonize and successfully inhabit unstable environments and probably account for its widespread distribution.     

图们江流域林区居民点鸟类群落的研究

居民点鸟类与人类关系极为密切,在居民点生态系统中起着不可忽视的作用,因此对其生态学的研究具有一定意义。杜恒勤(1958、1959)、周昌乔等(1959)、钱国桢(1964)、郑光美(1965、1982),赵正阶(1981)等,对麻雀、家燕、金腰燕等居民点鸟类进行过大量种群生态学研究。居民点鸟类群落研究和数量统计,尚未见有报道。     

珠江三角洲高畦深沟农田生态系统的结构及功能研究

前言自然和社会经济条件不同,农田生态系统的类型也不同。研究农田生态系统的结构与功能,可了解特定系统对当地环境条件的适应性。近年来,国内外很多学者,都从能流物流和经济效益方面对各类型结构农田生态系统结构与功能作了研究。高畦深沟结构农田生态系统,是珠江三角洲平原区人民为在当地地下水位较高的条件下,进行旱作而发展的一种农田生态系统类型。它的特点是,以一定的比例挖深沟,利用挖沟的泥土起高畦,沟中长期保持有水层,畦面进行旱作,沟里进行种植、养殖或其它利用,结构多年不变,是一种相对稳定的农田生态系统。     

Habitat alteration and its effects on native fishes in the upper Tennessee River system, east-central U.S.A.

The upper Tennessee River drainage, which includes portions of the States of Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee, supports an exceptionally diverse fish fauna. Recent reductions in abundance and geographic ranges of several freshwater fishes have promulgated the imposition of protective measures for about 115 species among the three states, with nearly half of those species occurring in the upper Tennessee River. Most protected species are darters (Percidae: Etheostomatinae) or minnows (Cyprinidae), and are typically small, benthic invertivores. Major impacts on the fish fauna have resulted from dams, introduced species, toxic spills, mining and agriculture. An important cumulative effect of these impacts is fragmentation of the watershed; nearly 40% of the riverine habitat in major tributaries is either impounded or altered by tailwater discharges. The isolation and stress imposed on tributaries of the river have caused and will continue to cause extirpations of fishes, mussels and other aquatic fauna. Numerous federal, state, and private organizations are co-operating in efforts to protect rare species and habitats, improve agricultural and coal-producing practices, and enforce regulations for industrial and municipal effluents.     

The habitat diversity and fish reproductive function of floodplain ecosystems

Synopsis Fish reproduction in floodplain ecosystems, based on relative abundance and total biomass of 0+ juveniles, was studied using the synchronic approach to typological analysis in conjunction with Point Abundance Sampling by modified electrofishing. In 3 different flood plains of the Upper Rhône River, 1015 point samples yielding 4573 juveniles (0+) from 21 species were collected from 48 ecosystems of various geomorphological origin. The results demonstrate the lotic-to-lentic succession of floodplain ecosystems to be a series of non-sequential reproductive zones, with spawning conditions being reflected by the specific composition and guild structure of the YOY fish assemblages. The habitat diversity and the fish reproductive potential of floodplain ecosystems are strongly influenced by geomorphological origin and by past and present hydrological conditions. The YOY assemblages of autogenically driven ecosystems (usually of anastomose or meander origin) tend to differ both in composition and in quantity from those found in allogenically driven ecosystems (generally of braided origin). Ecosystems of intermediate character, and fish reproduction thereof, occur as the result of either ecosystem rejuvenation or senescence: autogenically driven ecosystems by allogenic mechanisms, or allogenically driven ecosystems by anthropic and/or autogenic mechanisms, respectively. Because of co-occurrence of ecosystems at similar and at different successional status, the flood plain as an entity is seen as stable with respect to fish reproduction.     

长江中游鱼类寄生棘头虫区系的研究

经过3年10次调查,剖检湖北省宜都、黄冈两处江段所产72种鱼类,共计766尾。收集棘头虫10种,其中包括2新种和1新组合,即蛇鮈新棘吻虫(新种)Neoechinorhynchus saurogobi sp.nov.,长江丽棘虫(新种)Brentisentis yangtzensis sp.nov.(Illiosontidae),鲤丽棘虫(新组合)B.cyprini comb.nov.。对长江中游鱼类寄生棘头虫区系的特点进行了分析和探讨。     

Induction of ?2 frameshift mutations within alternating GC sequences by carcinogens that bind to the C8 position of guanine residues Development of a specific mutation assay

Summary Using a forward mutation assay we have previously found that N-2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF), a strong chemical carcinogen, induces a majority of frameshift mutations located at specific sequences called mutation hot spots. Among these hot spot sequences, the NarI sequence (GGCGCC), is specific for –2 frameshifts (GGCGCC) GGCC). Interestingly, these frameshift mutations occur independently of a functional umuDC locus. Being interested in elucidating this mutation pathway we have developed a reversion assay that is specific for this class of mutations. The assay is based on the reversion of a +2 frameshift mutant of plasmid pBR322 from tetracycline sensitivity to tetracycline resistance. It is shown that only true reversion events lead to tetracycline resistance. The carcinogen AAF induces this reversion event at a frequency that is increased four- to fivefold over the background frequency. A series of chemical carcinogens which, like AAF, bind covalently to the C8 position of guanine, are compared for their efficiency to induce this specific mutation event. Large variations in the mutagenic efficiency of these chemicals are observed and discussed in terms of the anti/syn conformation of the carcinogen-modified guanine residue. Based on this test, we describe a convenient spot assay that this presently used in our laboratory to isolate Escherichia coli mutants affected in this mutation pathway.     

元江干热河谷肉质多利灌丛的研究

以内质多刺植物霸王鞭(Euphorbia royleana)和仙人掌(Opuntia monacantha)为特征的具有荒漠植被景观的元江干热河谷肉质多刺灌丛是一种特殊的次生植被,是在近代原生植被的强烈破坏下,栽培逸生的霸王鞭和仙人掌在局部特别千热土薄多石之处发展而形成的。该群落外貌和结构特殊,可初步定为一个群丛,下分两个亚群丛。在种类组成上,该群落与热带亚洲干早植物区系联系密切,在区系起源上具有古南大陆残余背景,在群落形成和发展上又与人为活动相联系。     

辽宁三角洲区域生态经济分区及其功能分析

应用主成分分析和系统聚类分析方法,将辽河三角洲划分为３个生态经济区和８个生态经济小区．通过对反映系统功能的３个表现属性的分析,评价了辽河三角洲农业生态经济系统的功能状况．     

海河流域14种农作物对土壤库中磷的输出量和输入量初步研究

 海河流域14种农作物平均含磷量为0.127±0.053%,变化范围0.023—0.214%,不同器官中最高可达0.419%,最低仅为0.019%。对土壤库中磷输出量最大者为谷子,磷可达99.758±56.931kg·ha-1·a-1,其次是玉米和棉花;磷输入量以白薯为最大,为12.557±5.020kg·ha-1·a-1(但包括可食部分块根的输出部分在内),然后是谷子和花生,其余作物均较低,<2kg·ha-1·a-1。具高输出量的作物的部位有玉米、谷子、花生、棉花等果实,谷子、花生、白薯等茎叶;就输入量而言,除白薯为高输入和谷子为低输入类型外,其余均属很低输入型,上述特点揭示了海河流域因作物的收获而大量损失土壤库中的磷,如种植谷子、玉米、棉花等分别以99.758、32.661和26.591kg·ha-1·a-1的速率损失有效态磷。并对不同子流域作物磷的输出(入)量差异以及针对上述问题应采取的对策作了探讨。