数量遗传学中一种新的求综合性状的方法

本文运用申农(Shannon)提供的最大熵原理,提出一种构成单一综合性状的新方法,并以此与数量遗传学中的多元统计法作了比较。在作多元遗传分析吋,常用多元统计法求出多个数量性状的综合性状,再对这些相互关联的基本性状作主成份分析或用典范相关进行遗传分析。本文提出了不同于多元统计学的另一种新的方法——最大熵法求出多个数量性状的单一综合性状值。它具有数学结构简单,过程明晰,结果简明等优点。     

A stereological method for estimating fish fecundity

This paper describes the application and evaluation of a stereological method for counting fish oocytes. The method has been applied to herring, Clupea harengus L., Dover sole, Solea solea L., and mackerel, Scomber scombrus L., and compared with existing volumetric and/or automated particle counter methods. The stereological method has been shown to given similar results and to have a number of distinct advantages over the other methods.     

Response of no-till and conventionally planted grain sorghum to weed control method and row spacing

Grain sorghum can substitute for corn as a full season crop and replace soybeans in double cropping systems with wheat in the southeastern United States. Relatively few studies have been conducted to measure the response of grain sorghum to tillage, weed control method, and row spacing. These experiments were designed to determine the effects of weed control method and row spacing on no-till planted grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench G1516-BR) after wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Coker 68–15) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L. Bigbee) grown for winter forage in comparison to sorghum planted on a conventionally prepared seedbed. The experiment included 45, 60, and 90 cm row spacings and three weed control regimes: none, mechanical, and chemical. Grain sorghum planted no-till in crimson clover or wheat sod yielded considerably more grain than conventionally planted sorghum. Grain sorghum produced significantly higher yields in 45-cm rows than in 60-and 90-cm row spacings with all three planting methods. Effects of chemical weed control on weed population with all tillage methods and on grain yield with conventional tillage were significant. There were no significant differences in grain protein content due to row spacing or weed control method.     

A short history of nuclear activation analysis

The major developments in the field of nuclear activation analysis, from 1936 to 1989, are discussed. The developments are grouped into five consecutive time periods. The impact of various scientists on the development of the field in the first 35 years is also discussed.     

多样性指数公式在鸟类群落中应用的探讨

一、前言多样性是反映生物群落功能的组织特征,它与生境密切相关,可以作为生态学上的一个灵敏度指标;它是群落中关于丰富度和均匀度的一个函数,用其指数可以定量地分析群落的     

水土保持耕作法是治理黄土高原地区坡耕地的根本措施

坡耕地所造成的土壤侵蚀,已成为全世界共同关注的问题。黄土高原地区,沟壑纵横,地形破碎,沟深坡陡,是世界上水土流失最强烈的地区。坡耕地的水土流失不仅是造成河流水库淤积的一个重要原因,更重要的是每年要丧失大量的肥沃表土,导致农业减产和土壤退化。一遇暴雨,人民的生命财产将遭受到巨大的威胁。黄土高原地区每年水力侵蚀土层深度达0.2—2cm,每1ha 损失表土120t 左右,损失     

正常人及肝细胞癌患者肝脏及血浆中丙酮酸激酶同工酶免疫测定

 分别从人肝及鼠肝中高度纯化L型和M_1型丙酮酸激酶(Pyk),制备相应的免抗血清。从抗血清中纯化IgG并水解成F(ab')_2,进而还原成Fab',后者与辣根过氧物酶(HRP)交联成Fab'-HRP,再利用这两种复合物建立了各自的高灵敏夹心ELISA来免疫定量L及M_2型(与鼠M_1-Pyk有交叉免疫)Pyk,结果发现:正常人肝中95％的Pyk为L型,M_2-Pyk仅占5％,而肝细胞癌中L-Pyk降至正常肝的3.5％,M_2-Pyk却增至正常的14.6倍,以致M_2-Pyk占总量的95.5％。免疫组化研究进一步证实定量的结果,正常人肝L-Pyk染色呈强阳性。M_2-Pyk染色较弱,而肝细胞癌恰好相反,L-Pyk染色明显减退,而M_2-Pyk不仅癌组织染色很深,癌周组织也明显深于正常,而且愈近癌巢,染色愈深。测定血浆Pyk,发现正常人L-Pyk占89.9％,M-Pyk(以M_2计)仅占10.1％。肝细胞癌患者血浆L-Pyk略见降低,为正常值的79.6％,p值在0.02～0.05之间,但血浆M型Pyk明显升高至正常的4.59倍,占Pyk总量的39.6％,并证明主要来源于肝癌组织中的M_2,故M_2-Pyk有可能成为肝细胞癌诊断的新指标。     

Floristic and structural variation in the Tamaulipan thornscrub,northeastern Mexico

Abstract. A generalized research strategy is presented for identifying the ecological effects of the physical environment and management in a poorly known region of subtropical, semiarid thornscrub in northeastern Mexico. Vegetation samples were stratified across a small number of climatic subregions, substrate types and topographic situations. Classification analysis and PCo A of the species x site matrix of incidence data after application of the Information Statistic were used. The analyses suggested that the regional variation in climate, substrates and topography was responsible for the major floristic differences in the vegetation. The distributions of most plant species were related to the variation in the physical environment. PCo A of the species x site cover data after application of the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity metric revealed evidence of vegetation change due to overgrazing in each major floristic group, but not to selective cutting for timber and firewood.     

Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF) Genotypes and CNTF Contents in Human Sciatic Nerves as Measured by a Sensitive Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay

Abstract: To study the level of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) in human nervous tissues, we developed a sensitive enzyme-linked immunoassay using a specific antibody against human CNTF. This method allowed us to detect as little as 0.3 ng/ml of human CNTF with good linearity and accuracy. Using this method, CNTF levels were determined in human sciatic nerves obtained at autopsy from 21 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients and 48 subjects who had died of other neurological diseases. CNTF genotypes were also determined. The results indicated that CNTF levels were high in the normal homozygotes and approximately halved in the heterozygote subjects. There was, however, no significant difference in CNTF levels in the sciatic nerves between ALS and other neurological disease patients, indicating that the CNTF level was mainly determined by its genotypes and that the level in the sciatic nerves was not reduced in ALS patients.     

Humoral anti-idiotypic and anti-anti-idiotypic immune response in cancer patients treated with monoclonal antibody 17-1A

 A group of 96 patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma were treated with the mouse (m) or chimeric (c) (mouse variable regions × human IgG1 constant regions) monoclonal antibody (mAb) 17-1A recognizing the tumour-associated antigen GA733-2. Eighty-two of the 83 patients treated with mmAb17-1A and 69% of the patients given cmAb17-1A (n = 13) developed anti-idiotypic antibodies (ab₂). Auto-antibodies binding to tumour cells expressing GA733-2 were found in 7% of the patients. In a further 38 patients (40%) antitumour-cell antibodies, i.e. anti-anti-idiotypic antibodies (ab₃), were induced by the mAb17-1A therapy. Patients with detectable ab₃ after treatment had significantly higher ab₂ levels than those not developing ab₃. Addition of granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to mmAb17-1A significantly enhanced the induction of ab₂ as well as induction of anti-anti-idiotypic antibodies (ab₃), compared to mmAb17-1A alone. Patients with a high increase in antitumour-cell antibodies (ab₃) induced by the therapy lived significantly longer than patients with no or a low level of induction of ab₃ (P = 0.016). The results indicate that induction of an idiotypic network response might be an important effector mechanism in mAb therapy. Received: 20 October 1995 / Accepted: 18 December 1995