330例2型糖尿病患者死因分析

目的:通过对80年代、90年代及近6年(2000-2006)我院2型糖尿病患者死因的比较,探讨分析糖尿病患者的死亡原因及其变迁,为提高糖尿病防治水平,减少糖尿病死亡率提供科学依据。方法:采用回顾性调查方法对我院1983-2006年住院2型糖尿病患者死因进行分析,并分三阶段进行比较。共调查2型糖尿病死亡病例330例。结果:不同年代心脑血管疾病均是导致2型糖尿病患者死亡的主要原因,位居死因第一,占总死亡人数的38.2%。肿瘤作为2型糖尿病患者的死因所占比例明显增加,占总死亡人数的19.4%。以感染为直接死因逐渐下降,但仍为重要死因,占14.2%。而糖尿病酮症酸中毒、高渗昏迷和低血糖昏迷等急性并发症所占比例显著减少,占8.8%。结论:糖尿病慢性并发症尤其是心脑血管病变是2型糖尿病的主要死因,近年来肿瘤已经成为2型糖尿病患者的重要死因,以感染为直接死因逐渐下降,但仍为重要死因,而糖尿病酮症酸中毒、高渗昏迷和低血糖昏迷等急性并发症所占比例显著减少。     

利用荧光标记的T7噬菌体研究配体/受体的相互作用

将鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)衣壳蛋白VP2展示到T7噬菌体表面,以FITC标记纯化的重组噬菌体,通过荧光显微镜观察与流式细胞仪检测,研究标记噬菌体与病毒受体细胞--法氏囊B细胞的相互作用.结果展示有IBDV VP2蛋白的噬菌体经FITC标记后仍然具有与受体细胞结合的特性,荧光显微镜下可见绿色荧光,流式数据显示其平均荧光强度明显高于阴性对照,且IBDV疫苗株TAD可明显阻断其结合.由此得出结论,FITC标记与噬菌体展示技术相结合,可进行配体/受体间相互作用的研究.     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒的RNA干扰

为探讨短的双链RNA(siRNA)对鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)增殖的干扰作用,利用软件设计siRNA1280个,75%位于Pol基因内。通过同源比较和保守性分析,筛选到针对Pol、M、N基因的12个siRNA(每个基因3～4个)作为后选目的片段,分别在Vero细胞、9日龄SPF鸡胚上进行基因干扰试验。结果,来自Pol、N靶序列的2个siRNA在Vero细胞上及鸡胚上均对IBV增殖产生明显的干扰作用,并与siRNA剂量有一定相关性,依赖于与mRNA互补的负链siRNA存在。本研究首次证实IBV增殖过程中存在siRNA干扰现象,为利用RNA干扰(RNAi)技术控制IBV提供了新手段。     

Both Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipose Tissue Correlate Highly with Insulin Resistance in African Americans

Objective: The contribution of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) to insulin resistance is well‐established; however, the role of subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAT) in insulin resistance remains controversial. Sex may determine which of these two components of abdominal obesity is more strongly related to insulin resistance and its consequences. The aim of this study was to determine whether both VAT and SAT contribute to insulin resistance in African Americans and to examine the effects of sex on this relationship. Research Methods and Procedures: This was a cross‐sectional study of 78 nondiabetic African‐American volunteers (44 men, 35 women; age 33.8 ± 7.3 years; BMI 30.9 ± 7.4 kg/m²). VAT and SAT volumes were measured using serial computerized tomography slices from the dome of the diaphragm to the iliac crest. The insulin sensitivity index (S_I) was determined from the minimal model using data obtained from the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. Results: In men, both VAT and SAT were negatively correlated with S_I (r for both correlations = ?0.57; p < 0.01). In women, the correlation coefficient between VAT and S_I was ?0.50 (p < 0.01) and between SAT and S_I was ?0.67 (p < 0.01). In women, the correlation coefficient for S_I with SAT was significantly greater than the correlation coefficient with VAT (p = 0.02). Discussion: Both SAT and VAT are strongly correlated with insulin resistance in African Americans. For African‐American women, SAT may have a greater effect than VAT on insulin resistance.     

鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒主要衣壳蛋白基因的原核表达

根据鳜鱼传染性脾肾坏死病毒(Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus,ISKNV)丰要衣壳蚩白(Major Capsid protein,MCP)基因(mcp)序列设计引物,PCR扩增得到一长约1400bp的DNA片段,将其克隆到pGEM-T Easy Vector。氨基酸亲水性分析表明,在150—250位氨基酸之间亲水性很高,可构成主要抗原决定簇及形成跨膜区。mcp基因经PCR改造后克隆至原核表达裁体pBV220,构建表达MCP的大肠杆菌基因工程菌,该工程菌经42℃诱导,SDS—PAGE检测,在约50kDa处有一特异蛋白带,含量约为菌体总蛋白的23％。用纯化和复性后的蛋白免疫新西兰大白兔制备抗血清,Western—blotting分忻显示,重组MCP制备的抗血清能与ISKNV MCP特异结合,说明表达产物具有与ISKNV MCP相似的抗原特性。     

Flavone-resistant Leishmania donovani Overexpresses LdMRP2 Transporter in the Parasite and Activates Host MRP2 on Macrophages to Circumvent the Flavone-mediated Cell Death

In parasites, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters represent an important family of proteins related to drug resistance and other biological activities. Resistance of leishmanial parasites to therapeutic drugs continues to escalate in developing countries, and in many instances, it is due to overexpressed ABC efflux pumps. Progressively adapted baicalein (BLN)-resistant parasites (pB²⁵R) show overexpression of a novel ABC transporter, which was classified as ABCC2 or Leishmania donovani multidrug resistance protein 2 (LdMRP2). The protein is primarily localized in the flagellar pocket region and in internal vesicles. Overexpressed LdABCC2 confers substantial BLN resistance to the parasites by rapid drug efflux. The BLN-resistant promastigotes when transformed into amastigotes in macrophage cells cannot be cured by treatment of macrophages with BLN. Amastigote resistance is concomitant with the overexpression of macrophage MRP2 transporter. Reporter analysis and site-directed mutagenesis assays demonstrated that antioxidant response element 1 is activated upon infection. The expression of this phase II detoxifying gene is regulated by NFE2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant response element activation. In view of the fact that the signaling pathway of phosphoinositol 3-kinase controls microfilament rearrangement and translocation of actin-associated proteins, the current study correlates with the intricate pathway of phosphoinositol 3-kinase-mediated nuclear translocation of Nrf2, which activates MRP2 expression in macrophages upon infection by the parasites. In contrast, phalloidin, an agent that prevents depolymerization of actin filaments, inhibits Nrf2 translocation and Mrp2 gene activation by pB²⁵R infection. Taken together, these results provide insight into the mechanisms by which resistant clinical isolates of L. donovani induce intracellular events relevant to drug resistance.     

Preparation and evaluation of an experimental iscom-based infectious bursal disease vaccine

The present study was conducted to develop and evaluate an experimental ISCOM-based infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccine. The indigenous very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV) already attenuated and adapted to Vero cell line was used. After denaturation of viral proteins with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), an IBD-ISCOM was constructed. The non-incorporated viral components were separated from ISCOM by centrifugation of dialysate. The pathogenicity and immunogenicity trials were conducted in 3-week-old broiler chicken. A commercial oil-emulsified vaccine (CEVAC IBD K) was used for comparison. There were no clinical signs of disease, gross or microscopic lesions in bursa of Fabricius in group G1 vaccinated with ISCOM-based vaccine and bursa to body weight ratio were comparable to un-vaccinated control group (G3). The virus-neutralizing antibody titers were significantly (P<0.05) higher in group G1 as compared with group G2 which was vaccinated with commercial vaccine. On challenge with vvIBDV, 100%, 75% and 0.00% protection was achieved in G1, G2 and G3, respectively. The results indicated that ISCOM-based IBD vaccine is safe and immunogenic.     

Bestimmung der Verdaulichkeit der Rohnährstoffe,Basischen und Schwefelhaltigen Aminosäuren von Natürlich und Technisch Getrockneten Rotkleeblättern an Kolostomierten Legehennen

Domesticated animals all over the world are subjected to a wide variety of environmental conditions and challenges. Any deviation from “normal”; may result in adaptive behavior of which changes in feed intake or feed intake pattern is by far the most important. Adaptive behavior may further include influences on passage rate of feed residues through the digestive tract, resulting in changes in digestibility. Adaptive behavior may also result in changes in heat production, either to maintain body temperature constant, or as a result of an elevated body temperature.

Important environmental challenges are infectious diseases. Mild (sub‐clinical) infections usually result in reduced performance, without affecting feed intake or digestibility. Severe infections may disrupt the barriers between the internal metabolism and the respiratory and/or digestive tract, resulting in severe losses of energy and protein. This situation is notably apparent in severe infections with parasites of the gastrointestinal tract and may be associated with severe protein losses. Feeding high protein diets may partly alleviate the negative effects.

Contamination of air, water and feed may occasionally cause problems in farm animals. Such contamination may include pathogenic microbes, toxic secondary fungal metabolites and heavy metals. Negative effects associated with such contamination often show an impaired reproductive efficiency, but their influence on the utilization of energy and nutrients is not well documented.     

The etymology of microbial nomenclature and the diseases these cause in a historical perspective

When the hunter-gatherers finally started settling down as farmers, infectious diseases started scourging them. The earlier humans could differentiate sporadic diseases like tooth decay, tumors, etc., from the infectious diseases that used to cause outbreaks and epidemics. The earliest comprehension of infectious diseases was primarily based on religious background and myths, but as human knowledge grew, the causes of these diseases were being probed. Similarly, the taxonomy of infectious diseases gradually changed from superstitious prospects, like influenza, signifying disease infliction due to the “influence of stars” to more scientific ones like tuberculosis derived from the word “tuberculum” meaning small swellings seen in postmortem human tissue specimens. From a historical perspective, we identified five categories for the basis of the microbial nomenclature, namely phenotypic characteristics of microbe, disease name, eponym, body site of isolation, and toponym. This review article explores the etymology of common infectious diseases and microorganisms’ nomenclature in a historical context.