肺癌患者呼吸道病原菌感染的回顾性分析

目的：了解肺癌患者呼吸道感染的病原菌及其耐药特点,方法：对我院2000年1月-2002年1月肺癌患者痰标本所分离细菌进行回顾性分析。结果：肺癌病人呼吸道感染以G-菌为主占54.5%,其次是真菌21.9%及G 菌14.1%,G-菌中以沙雷菌属(32.2%),大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌(9.7%)为主,在大肠埃希菌中,产超广谱β-内酰胺酶株(ESBLS)占40.6%,真菌以白色假丝酵母菌(87.8%)为主,G 球菌中以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为主(76.9%),耐苯唑西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRSCN)占63.6%,所分离细菌除对舒普生,特治星,亚胺培南及万古霉素耐药率较低外,常用抗生素显示较高的耐药率,结论:肺癌患者呼吸道感染的病原菌以G-菌为主,而真菌为G 菌亦不容忽视,且大多数病原菌耐药率较高,临床合理,规范使用抗生素是当务之急.     

Infection Process of Plectosporium tabacinum on False Cleavers (Galium spurium)

A native fungus, Plectosporium tabacinum (van Beyma) M. E. Palm, W. Gams et Nirenberg, has potential as a bioherbicide for the control of both herbicide-resistant and herbicide-susceptible false cleavers. Limited information is available on the infection process of P. tabacinum. P. tabacinum spore distribution pattern, germination, penetration, and colonization on false cleavers leaves were examined using confocal, light, and scanning electron microscopy. The results demonstrated that conidia were distributed over the entire surface of leaves and cotyledons. More than 90% of the conidia germinated on the leaf surface 6-8 h after inoculation. Penetration of the leaf epidermis by conidia started 8-10 h after inoculation. Histological observation showed that no appressoria were formed by P. tabacinum, but its hyphae produced appressed club-like structures that penetrated the cuticle and epidermal layers. No stomata or other natural openings were observed on the upper leaf surface of false cleavers seedlings. Penetration occurs directly on epidermal cells with more frequent intercellular penetrations. Hyphal penetration was visualized at a depth of 30 and 40 üm after 8 and 16 h of incubation, respectively. Secondary hyphae colonized mesophyll cells 16 h after inoculation. Even spore distribution, short spore germination time, club-like infection structure formation, direct penetration, quick colonization, and mucous secretion on false cleavers leaves may contribute to the kill of false cleavers by P. tabacinum. Slow spore germination and germ tube growth, low spore germination numbers, and no infection structure formation on Brassica napus leaves may be factors affecting the host selectivity of P. tabacinum.     

Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes in Patients with Pulmonary Blastomycosis

Background  Blastomycosis is an uncommon granulomatous infection caused by the thermally dimorphic fungus Blastomyces dermatitidis. The most frequent clinical infections involve the lung, skin, and bone. Pulmonary manifestations range from asymptomatic self-limited infection to severe diffuse pneumonia causing respiratory failure. Objectives  To establish the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with pulmonary blastomycosis diagnosed at hospitals in Manitoba and northwestern Ontario, Canada. Methods  A retrospective review of medical records was done for 318 patients with blastomycosis in these regions. Results  The majority of patients were Caucasian (198 (62.5%) patients), male (193 (61%) patients), and residents of Ontario (209 (65.7%) patients). Most patients were treated in an inpatient hospital ward (266 (84%) patients) and survived (294 (92%) patients). Pulmonary involvement, either alone or associated with other sites, was present in 296 (93%) of the 318 patients; 22 (7%) patients had no evidence of pulmonary blastomycosis. The majority of patients had localized lung disease (1–3 quadrants on chest radiograph involved; 225 (82%) patients). Of 294 (92%) patients requiring hospitalization, 266 (90%) patients received all inpatient care on a general medical ward; 28 (10%) patients received some care in the intensive care unit (ICU). Factors associated with ICU admission included diffuse pulmonary disease (four quadrants involved on chest radiograph), diabetes, and prior use of antimicrobial therapy. Twenty-four (8%) patients died, and multivariate analysis showed that older age and Aboriginal ethnicity were the significant risk factors for death from blastomycosis. Conclusion  Blastomycosis is a cause of serious, potentially life-threatening pulmonary infection in this geographic region. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

恶性肿瘤化疗所致院内感染31例分析

目的探讨恶性肿瘤患者化疗后发生院内感染的相关因素及防治措施。方法对31例恶性肿瘤患者化疗后发生的院内感染作回顾性分析。结果恶性肿瘤患者化疗后发生院内感染与中性粒细胞减少程度及持续时间有关,感染的部位以呼吸道为主,主要采用粒细胞集落刺激因子（G-CSF）及抗生素治疗。结论恶性肿瘤患者化疗所致院内感染与中性粒细胞减少程度及持续时间密切相关,合理使用G—CSF及抗生素是预防和控制感染的重要措施。     

不同砧木对西瓜嫁接苗耐寒性的影响

以西瓜(Citrullus vulgarris)郑抗1号为接穗,日本南瓜（C. moschata）、黑籽南瓜（C. ficifolia）、葫芦（Lagenaria siceraia）为砧木,研究了嫁接苗和自根苗在（7.5±0.5）℃低温胁迫下叶片相关耐寒性指标的变化。结果表明：低温处理后嫁接苗丙二醛（MDA）含量、电解质渗透率显著低于自根苗;叶绿素、脯氨酸（Pro）、可溶性糖含量以及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性显著高于自根苗。与处理前相比,12 d时日本南瓜砧、黑籽南瓜砧和葫芦砧嫁接苗叶绿素含量分别降低了30.48%、28.48%和52.69%;葫芦砧嫁接苗MDA含量6 d时较处理前增加了313.16%;3～12 d日本南瓜砧和黑籽南瓜砧嫁接苗电解质渗透率显著低于葫芦砧嫁接苗;低温处理期间,日本南瓜砧嫁接苗可溶性糖含量分别比黑籽南瓜砧和葫芦砧嫁接苗高出24.71%和31.17%,SOD、POD、CAT酶活性高于另外2个组合。综合各项指标显示：3种砧木均能提高接穗对低温的忍耐能力,其顺序为日本南瓜砧＞黑籽南瓜砧＞葫芦砧。     

Investigation of protease-mediated cuticle-degradation of nematodes by using an improved immunofluorescence-localization method

In order to facilitate the understanding of the actual process of enzyme-based degradation of nematodes, we visualized the localization of BLG4, a cuticle-degrading protease from the nematophagous bacterium Brevibacillus laterosporus G4, on nematode cuticle by using an improved immuno-labeled fluorescent method. Live nematodes, heat-killed nematodes and extracted nematode cuticles were exposed to the protease, and the localization of the protease and the resulting tissue degradation and destruction were observed microscopically. The bioassay findings showed that live nematodes were significantly more resistant to the protease than the dead nematodes and the extracted cuticles were. The observation of the immuno-labeling fluorescence for BLG4 revealed that the protease localized first in the tail region of the live target; and then spread over the entire target and ultimately destroyed it, including the cuticle. The results indicated the resistance of nematode cuticles to enzymatic attacks and the differences in protease susceptibilities at different regions on the nematode cuticles.     

The infection biology of Fusarium graminearum: defining the pathways of spikelet to spikelet colonisation in wheat ears

Fusarium graminearum is one of the main causal agents of Fusarium Ear Blight on wheat. How the pathogen colonises the entire ear is not known. There is controversy over whether this mycotoxin producing pathogenic fungus invades wheat floral tissue using a necrotrophic or another mode of nutrition. A detailed microscopic investigation has revealed how wild-type fungal hyphae, of the sequenced strain PH-1, colonised susceptible wheat ears and spread from spikelet to spikelet. At the advancing infection front, colonisation of the host cortex occurred ahead of any vascular colonisation and the hyphae adapted to the available intercellular space between host cells. Intercellular hyphae then became abundant and host cells lost their entire cellular contents just prior to intracellular colonisation. No host cells died ahead of the infection. However, while these deep cortex infections progressed, just below the surface the highly photosynthetic chlorenchyma cells were observed to have died prior to colonisation. Behind the infection front, hyphae were abundant in the vasculature and the cortex, often growing through the pit fields of thick walled cells. This high level of inter- and intracellular fungal colonisation resulted in the collapse of the non-lignified cell-types. In this middle zone of infection, hyphal diameters were considerably enlarged. Far behind the infection front inter- and intracellular hyphae were devoid of contents and had often collapsed. At later stages of infection, the pathogen switched from predominately vertical to lateral growth and accumulated below the surface of the rachis. Here the lignified host cell walls became heavily degraded and hyphae ruptured the epidermis and produced an aerial mycelium.     

老年患者阴沟肠杆菌感染的临床特点及耐药性分析

目的了解我院老年患者阴沟肠杆菌感染的临床分布及耐药性变迁,为临床合理用药提供参考依据。方法采用回顾性分析方法,统计临床数据并分析我院2011年9月至2016年4月期间老年患者感染标本中分离出的阴沟肠杆菌的感染现状及耐药性。结果共检出149株阴沟肠杆菌,主要分离于痰液、全血和尿液中,分别占31.54%、24.16%和18.12%。在科室分布中,阴沟肠杆菌感染主要来源于普通外科、重症监护病房和呼吸内科,分别占26.84%、14.10%和14.10%。药敏结果显示阴沟肠杆菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南和阿米卡星具有较好的抗菌活性,敏感率分别为100.00%、96.64%和95.97%,而对阿莫西林/克拉维酸、氨苄西林、头孢替坦、头孢西丁和头孢唑啉的耐药率分别为96.36%、96.36%、97.67%、100.00%和100.00%。结论阴沟肠杆菌易引起呼吸道、泌尿道以及伤口的感染,且其耐药现象较为严重,应加强耐药性的监测,根据药敏结果合理选用抗菌药物,以控制医院感染。     

Polymorphisms in vitamin D receptor,toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-Like receptor 4 genes links with Dengue susceptibility

Host genetic factors are known to determine disease susceptibility in dengue virus infection. Therefore, in this study association of gene polymorphisms of Vitamin D Receptor [rs731236 (Taq) and rs7975232 (Apa1)], Toll-like receptor 2 [rs5743708 (Arg735Gln) and rs5743704 (Pro631His)] and Toll-like receptor 4 [rs4986790A/G(Asp299Gly13843) and rs4986791 C/T(Thr399Ile)] were studied in cases with dengue as compared to controls. Total 98 cases of confirmed dengue virus infection and 98 age, sex and geographically matched healthy controls were enrolled and their genetic polymorphisms for the above mentioned regions were studied by Sanger sequencing. Mutant genotypes CC of VDR rs731236 (Taq1) [(OR 3.808, p value =0.02, CI 1.160-12.498)], GG of VDR rs7975232 (Apa1) [(OR 3.485, p value =0.02, CI 1.162-10.45)] and heterozygous genotypes of TLR4 rs4986790 A/G Asp299Gly [OR 2.40, p value= 0.02, CI 1.12-5.14], TLR4 rs4986791 C/T Thr399Ile [OR 2.09, p value=0.02, CI 1.12-5.14] were found to be significantly more in cases with dengue virus infection as compared to the controls. Also, at these positions mutant alleles were observed in significantly higher number of cases than controls. The values for C allele at VDR rs731236 (Taq1) were OR 1.86, p value 0.009, CI 1.162-3.001; for allele G at rs7975232( Apa1) were OR 2.71, p value 0.006, CI 1.196-2.98 for allele G at TLR4s rs4986790 A/G Asp299Gly were OR 2.35, p value 0.009, CI 1.23-4.50 and for allele T at rs4986791 C/T Thr399Ile were OR 2.36, p value=0.006, CI 1.28-4.38. VDR and TLR4 but not TLR2 gene polymorphisms were found to be associated with dengue susceptibility in Indian population.     

Direct evidence of Toxoplasma-induced changes in serum testosterone in mice

Latent toxoplasmosis is known to influence the morphology of infected persons and also increases the probability of the birth of male offspring in both humans and mice. All these traits can be related to the observed differences in the concentration of testosterone between Toxoplasma-infected and Toxoplasma-free subjects. However, it is not possible to decide, using the Toxoplasma-human model, whether toxoplasmosis influences the level of testosterone in the infected host or whether individuals with different levels of testosterone vary in the probability of toxoplasma infection. Here we studied changes in the testosterone levels in the latent phase of toxoplasmosis in laboratory mice artificially infected with cystogenic but relatively virulent strain T38 of T. gondii. We observed decreased testosterone levels in both female and male mice with latent toxoplasmosis in comparison to uninfected controls (P = 0.001). The present results indicate that Toxoplasma infection changes the concentration of serum testosterone in mice and human rather than changed concentration of testosterone influences the probability of the Toxoplasma infection. It is possible that the decrease of testosterone is an adaptive mechanism of infected mice aimed to compensate toxoplasmosis-induced immunosuppression observed during latent Toxoplasma infection.