Horticultural mineral oil influences Plum pox virus transmission by Myzus persicae

The residual activity of horticultural mineral oil (HMO) on the ability of green peach aphids, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), (GPA) to transmit Plum pox virus (PPV) to peach was measured by infection rates of detached leaves from plants sprayed with either HMO or water as a control that were inoculated using transfer of 25 viruliferous aphids per leaf at 0, 2, 4, 7, 9, 11 and 14 days after treatment (DAT). Persistent effects of HMO residue on the probing and feeding behaviours of GPA were also monitored with the electrical penetration graph (EPG) system. For glasshouse‐grown peach seedlings, the residual activity of HMO reduced PPV infection rates by more than 58% for up to 4 DAT following an initial reduction of approximately 81%. EPG recordings of GPA feeding behaviour showed that HMO significantly delayed first feeding probes and first intracellular punctures by more than 50 min without changing the ensuing stylet penetration behaviour. Applying HMO reduced virus infection rates for up to a week depending on the environmental conditions. EPG monitoring of aphid probing showed that HMO reduced the mean duration and mean number of potential drop (PD) phase feeding occurrences, compared with the water control. A reduction in the PD that has been shown to be related to the transmission of non‐persistently transmitted viruses may partly explain the reduction in PPV infection rates.     

梯棱羊肚菌全基因组SNP/Indel分析及基于Indel标记的遗传连锁图谱构建

基于梯棱羊肚菌Morchella importuna两个子囊孢子培养物的全基因组测序数据,对全基因组范围内的变异位点进行分析。共鉴定到18 438个变异位点,平均每Mbp的变异位点数量为361个;变异位点以单核苷酸多态性SNP为主,共计17 104个,基因组中SNP的频率为335SNPs/Mbp;Indel多态性位点1 334个,以2-10bp的插入缺失为主;73.4% SNP/Indel位于基因间隔区域,外显子区域共检测到3 042个变异位点,占总数的16.50%;对基因功能产生确定影响的移码突变有1 088个,占5.90%,错义突变916个,占比4.97%;不同Scaffold上的SNP/Indel出现频率不同,SNP频率最大的为Scaffold80,平均每Mbp包含2 856个SNP,频率最低为Scaffold60和Scaffold75,分别为16SNPs/Mbp和30SNPs/Mbp;对≥11bp的Indel变异位点进行标记开发和多态性群体分析,成功开发出75对Indel标记。采用原生质体单细胞分离技术,获得了梯棱羊肚菌M04的两个可亲和的同核体菌株M04P01和M04P40,同时采用来自M04子囊果的58个单孢菌株作为作图群体,初步构建了包含75个Indel标记和1个交配型基因的梯棱羊肚菌遗传连锁图谱,共获得12个连锁群,连锁群总长度273.7cM。     

适用于磁压榨吻合的平移钳的设计

目的:提出了磁压榨吻合操作中可用于磁体夹持固定的平移钳的结构设计方案。方法:分析本团队多种原创性磁压榨吻合技术操作中存在的缺陷和不足,认为目前磁压榨吻合操作中依靠术者徒手控制或利用现有血管钳对磁体进行夹持和固定,是造成操作中诸多不便的主要原因。从力学角度分析了常规血管钳夹持磁体易导致磁体滑脱的原因,指出设计加工磁吻合专用钳是解决目前磁吻合操作不便的有效措施。在此基础上提出了利用平移钳来固定磁体的结构设计方案,并从力学角度进行了受力分析,设计出了用于磁压榨吻合操作中磁体夹持固定的平移钳。结果:平移钳的结构设计能够稳定夹持磁体,避免磁体滑脱;同时,借助齿轮传动结构控制钳头的平行移动能够更好地控制磁体的精准对吸和分离,可进一步简化操作,避免副损伤,节省手术操作时间。结论:平移钳能满足多种形状及大小的磁体的夹持和固定,可有效控制磁体的吸合与分离,极大地方便操作。该平移钳加工简单,使用方便,有助于推动磁压榨吻合技术在临床广泛开展。     

Natural cavity restoration as an alternative to nest box supplementation

Nest box supplementation is widely used to increase nest‐site availability for cavity nesting animals but the analysis of its effects on individuals breeding in natural cavities is often neglected. This study offers a novel restoration technique to revert abandonment of natural breeding sites by a secondary cavity avian bird, the European roller (Coracias garrulus), and other ecologically similar species. We found that, after a program of nest box supplementation with ensuing monitoring, rollers gradually abandon nesting in natural and seminatural cavities in favor of nest boxes because the latter are of higher quality. We examine whether reducing the entrance size of natural and seminatural cavities improves their suitability for rollers. A 6‐year program reduced the diameter of the entrance of sandstone cavities and cavities in bridges. This led to a high occupancy (59%) of manipulated nest‐sites. Manipulated sites were most frequently occupied by rollers and little owls (Athene noctua) (31 and 18% of sites, respectively). Manipulation did not affect clutch size or fledgling success. We suggest that nest‐site diversity and nesting in natural cavities should be preserved to reduce nest box dependence. Our study illustrates the value of nest boxes when used alongside restoration of natural breeding sites and provides insights for the management of natural cavities.     

单细胞全基因组扩增技术与应用

同一组织中的细胞往往具有类似的结构和功能,然而通过对单个细胞进行测序分析后,发现每个细胞都具有一定异质性.单细胞全基因组扩增技术是进行单细胞测序的前提,该技术可用于揭示单细胞基因组结构差异,同时在肿瘤研究、发育生物学、微生物学等研究中发挥重要作用,并成为生命科学研究技术的热点之一.单细胞全基因组扩增技术的难点在于单细胞的分离和全基因组的扩增.本文介绍了单细胞全基因组扩增技术中常用的单细胞分离技术和单细胞全基因组扩增技术,并对各技术间的优缺点进行比较,同时着重讨论该技术在肿瘤研究、发育生物学和微生物学研究中的应用.     

2种新型ω-芋螺毒素的合成及作用靶点鉴定

目的:合成2个来自泡芋螺的新型ω-芋螺毒素Bu1、Bu13,测定其作用靶标,为研制新型镇痛药提供先导化合物。方法:固相合成线性肽,然后在折叠液(0.5 mol/L乙酸铵、1 mmol/L谷胱甘肽、0.1 mmol/L氧化谷胱甘肽)中于4℃折叠24～48 h,富集纯化得目标肽;利用膜片钳技术,测定其对N、P/Q及L型钙离子通道的抑制活性。结果:Bu1、Bu13对N型钙离子通道的半抑制浓度(IC50)分别为0.86、1.02μmol/L,抑制作用低于MⅦA(IC50=0.21μmol/L);10μmol/L Bu1、Bu13对P/Q型钙离子通道的抑制率分别为17.05%±1.34%、13.1%±2.69%,稍高于MⅦA(8.92%±2.12%);10μmol/L Bu1、Bu13对L型钙离子通道的抑制率分别为19.31%±6.22%、4.78%±0.77%,高于MⅦA(<5%)。结论:Bu1、Bu13选择性作用于N型钙离子通道,对P/Q、L型钙离子通道的抑制作用较低。     

膜片钳技术及其在抗菌肽作用机制研究中的应用

抗菌肽是广泛存在于自然界生物体内的一类具有抗微生物、抗肿瘤等活性的多肽,有关抗菌肽作用机理的研究是近年来的热点之一。膜片钳技术自发明以来演化出适合不同研究需要的多种记录模式,并成为现代膜生物学和电生理学研究的重要手段。利用该技术对跨膜离子电流的记录分析,可以对细胞膜离子通道、膜选择性通透以及通道调节机制等方面进行深入的研究。本文介绍了抗菌肽的分类、组成及理化性质,阐述了膜片钳技术在抗菌肽对细菌细胞膜作用机制研究中的应用及最新研究进展。     

Expert assessment of landscape-level conservation strategies in boreal forests for biodiversity,recreation and water quality

Determining effects of landscape-level conservation strategies is needed, yet a challenging and costly endeavour. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of landscape-level conservation strategies in forests on biodiversity and provision of two ecosystem services (recreation and water quality). Specifically, we focused on the spatial allocation of unmanaged areas in production forests and different levels of “land sharing” or “land sparing”. They were represented through seven scenarios constructed for a boreal managed forest landscape in central Sweden. All scenarios had the same total level of conservation effort, but they differed in the combinations of sizes of unmanaged areas and how these areas were spread in the landscape. In one scenario, this was complemented with extended rotation of production areas. Experts (researchers in relevant fields) assessed these scenarios for overall biodiversity, recreation, and water quality. We used the Delphi technique: experts filled out an online survey individually in two rounds. In the second round they were familiarized with anonymized responses of others from the previous round. There was little agreement between experts whether concentration of unmanaged areas in one part of the landscape or dispersion of them around the entire area is more beneficial, for biodiversity as well as for the two ecosystem services. The explanation of the opinions given by biodiversity experts were based on different ecological theories resulting in different conclusions (mainly habitat complementation vs. metapopulation ecology). A few large unmanaged areas were considered more beneficial for biodiversity than many small areas. The main argument was that long-term species persistence becomes higher with larger areas. For recreation and water quality, there were almost no differences in estimates between these two strategies. One “land sharing” approach, retention trees, received the lowest score. The second “land sharing” approach, extended rotation, was scored higher, especially regarding recreation. This may be because extended rotations generate features of high recreational value, such as mature, thinned forests with not so much dead wood. Conclusively, we suggest a strategy of mixed conservation measures, with considerable efforts directed towards establishing and maintaining large unmanaged areas.     

生态系统光合与呼吸拆分的同位素理论、方法和应用进展

生态系统光合和呼吸是构成净生态系统CO₂交换量(NEE)的重要组分。涡度相关技术可直接观测生态系统NEE,并通过建立温度回归或光响应曲线等函数将NEE统计拆分为生态系统光合和呼吸,但是存在自相关和高估白天呼吸等问题。稳定同位素红外光谱技术的进步使高时间分辨率大气CO₂及其稳定碳同位素组成(δ¹³C)的连续观测成为可能,与涡度相关技术观测的NEE数据相结合,可实现昼夜和季节尺度生态系统光合和呼吸拆分。本文系统阐述了生态系统光合与呼吸的同位素通量拆分方法的基本理论与假设,阐述了同位素通量观测技术的发展及其应用进展,综述了同位素通量拆分理论解析生态系统光合与呼吸过程的新机制认识,最后总结并展望了同位素通量拆分理论的不确定性以及开展多种拆分方法综合比较的必要性。     

细菌样颗粒——新型乳酸菌表面展示技术及其应用

细菌样颗粒(Bacterium-like particles,BLPs)是一种新型非遗传修饰型乳酸菌表面展示技术,外源蛋白可通过锚钩蛋白锚定于经热酸处理而得的乳酸菌肽聚糖骨架表面,形成空心表面展示颗粒。因其安全性高、表面展示密度大、黏膜递送效率高,又兼有佐剂效应,BLPs广泛应用于黏膜疫苗和黏膜佐剂的开发、病毒抗原的纯化、生物催化剂的制备等领域。本文就BLPs的构建、独特优势、目前的应用及尚需解决的问题等方面进行详细综述,以期展现BLPs新型表面展示平台的广阔应用前景。