The theory of organism and the culturalist foundation of biology

Summary After the disappearance of organism was diagnosed, the discussion about the role of a theory of organism in biology is characterised by a significant contradiction. On the one hand, the importance of a theory of organism is stated. Particularly developmental biology demands organism-centred approaches as a basis for conceptual integration. On the other hand, several modern biological disciplines such as genetics and molecular biology simply don’t need a theory of organism for their work. Consequently, the determination of the status of the organism and its relevance for biology at all is an unsolved problem. In order to clarify the methodological status of the organism in biology we start with the reconstruction of three important propositions. A life oriented approach and a hierarchy concept - which both are from a neo-Darwinian origin - are confronted with a structuralist approach of organism, that can be characterised as a non-Darwinist approach. Our own attempt for the solution of the organism problem applies the tools of culturalist methodology. In accordance to this pragmatic approach, the term organism is introduced as a concept of notion. A constructional morphological case study exemplifies the applicability of this concept. From the culturalist point of view a methodological foundation of biology can be achieved, that provides a consistent basis for a comprehensive integration of biological knowledge.     

Does artificial snow production affect soil and vegetation of ski pistes? A review

The production of artificial snow and the use of snow additives in ski resorts have increased considerably during the last 20 years. Their ecological consequences are the subject of environmental concerns. This review compiles studies about the ecological implications of ski pistes preparation in general and of artificial snow production. The main direct impacts of ski piste preparation on the vegetation are related to the compaction of the snow cover, namely the induction of soil frost, the formation of ice layers, mechanical damage and a delay in plant development. The vegetation reacts with changes in species composition and a decrease in biodiversity. Artificial snowing modifies some of these impacts: The soil frost is mitigated due to an increased insulation of the snowpack, whereas the formation of ice layers is not considerably changed. The mechanical impacts of snow-grooming vehicles are mitigated due to the deeper snow cover. The delay of the vegetation development is enhanced by a considerably postponed snowmelt. Furthermore, artificial snowing induces new impacts to the alpine environment. Snowing increases the input of water and ions to ski pistes, which can have a fertilising effect and hence change the plant species composition. Increasingly, snow additives, made of potentially phytopathogenic bacteria, are used for snow production. They enhance ice crystal formation due to their ice nucleation activity. Although sterilised, additives affected the growth of some alpine plant species in laboratory experiments. Salts are applied not only but preferably on snowed pistes to improve the snow quality for ski races. The environmental impacts of most salts have not yet been investigated, but a commonly used nitrate salt has intense fertilising properties. Although snowing mitigates some of the negative impacts of ski piste preparation in general, new impacts induced by snowing could be non-beneficial to the vegetation, which, however, has yet to be clarified.     

Immunoglobulin E mediated food allergy.Modelling and application of diagnostic and predictive tests for existing and novel foods

It is known that some foods cause an allergenic response in certain individuals. Clinical and immunological tests are available for the diagnosis of food allergy and identification of food allergens. However, there are no valid tests for the prediction of the allergenic potential of foods not normally recognized as allergenic. Such foods include: food products developed from foods which may not be recognizable as allergenic in their modified forms; foods produced using novel processes (novel foods), for example genetically modified foods; and foods not normally consumed but that are being used increasingly as alternatives to more traditional foods. Both the risks associated with food allergy and the fact that foods such as the ones described above will become available to the consumer, highlight the need for methods to screen for potential food allergens. This review provides a general overview of food allergy including mechanism, development and prevalence, but focuses on and discusses: 1) the possible risks (with specific reference to food allergy) associated with new and novel foods; and 2) the development/use of food allergy models (in vivo and in vitro) to assess the allergenic potential of new and novel foods.     

Characterization of the cells that suppress the cytotoxic activity of T lymphocytes. II. Physical properties, specificity, and developmental kinetics of the inhibitory splenic non-T cell population.

The in vivo immune response to alloantigens (tumor allograft reaction and acute graft-versus-host reaction) generates a population of antigen-specific “killer” T cells (CTL) and a separate activity (INA) inhibiting target cell lysis in vitro. Using a simple mathematical model to quantitate each activity from ⁵¹Cr-release titration curves, we show that cells with inhibitory activity differ from CTL in several respects: INA resists destruction by RAMB + C, acts without specificity for the sensitizing alloantigen, and appears to act by a cell-contact mechanism which does not require that the inhibitory cells remain viable. Cells with INA produce noncompetitive inhibition, in contrast to the competitive inhibition produced by alloantigen. Velocity sedimentation separation indicates that INA is quite heterogenous; normal spleen contains low levels of INA, which is associated with small cells (s ? 3 mm/hr). Increased INA develops in a regular manner during an immune response and is associated with a larger inhibitor population (s > 4 mm/hr). Separation on plastic dishes and with carbonyl iron powder demonstrates that INA is not restricted to macrophages.     

老年慢性阻塞性肺病患者继发革兰氏阴性杆菌感染的菌型及耐药性分析

目的：探讨老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）继发院内革兰氏阴性杆菌感染的发病机理、菌型分布及耐药性。方法：从本院老年COPD继发医院革兰氏阴性杆菌（GNB）肺炎患者痰液中分离的213株GNB进行菌型分类,选用12种常用抗菌药物进行体外MIC药敏试验。结果：213株占COPD继发医院肺炎病原菌总数的69．6％（213／306）。老年COPD患者继发革兰氏阴性菌感染菌种分类为：铜绿假单胞菌（35．7％）、肺炎克雷伯菌（21．1％）、大肠埃希菌（17．4％）、阴沟肠杆菌（11．7％）、嗜麦芽假单胞菌（7．9％）、其他病原菌（6．1％）;药敏结果表明,所有GNB对抗菌药物耐药率均呈上升趋势。结论：铜绿假单胞菌是COPD继发GNB感染的主要致病菌,在临床治疗中必须重视菌型鉴定和药敏试验,合理使用抗生素,才能控制院内感染GNB的发生和日益增高的耐药趋势。     

PYRENE INTERCALATING NUCLEIC ACIDS WITH A CARBON LINKER

We have synthesized a carbon linker analogue of INA (oligonucleotides containing insertions of 1-O-(1-pyrenylmethyl)glycerol). Thermal stability studies showed an increase in melting temperature in favor of the carbon linker analogue. We also synthesized a carbon linker analogue with two pyrenes geminally attached. Fluorescence studies of this intercalating nucleic acid with the pyrene moieties inserted as a bulge showed formation of an excimer band. When a mismatch was introduced at the site of the intercalator, an excimer band was formed for the destabilized duplexes whereas an exciplex band was observed when the stability of the duplex was retained.     

Systemic acquired resistance in Cavendish banana induced by infection with an incompatible strain of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense

Fusarium wilt of banana is caused by the soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). The fact that there are no economically viable biological, chemical, or cultural measures of controlling the disease in an infected field leads to search for alternative strategies involving activation of the plant's innate defense system. The mechanisms underlying systemic acquired resistance (SAR) are much less understood in monocots than in dicots. Since systemic protection of plants by attenuated or avirulent pathogens is a typical SAR response, the establishment of a biologically induced SAR model in banana is helpful to investigate the mechanism of SAR to Fusarium wilt. This paper described one such model using incompatible Foc race 1 to induce resistance against Foc tropical race 4 in an in vitro pathosystem. Consistent with the observation that the SAR provided the highest level of protection when the time interval between primary infection and challenge inoculation was 10 d, the activities of defense-related enzymes such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.5), peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7), polyphenol oxidase (PPO, EC 1.14.18.1), and superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) in systemic tissues also reached the maximum level and were 2.00–2.43 times higher than that of the corresponding controls on the tenth day. The total salicylic acid (SA) content in roots of banana plantlets increased from about 1 to more than 5 μg g⁻¹ FW after the second leaf being inoculated with Foc race 1. The systemic up-regulation of MaNPR1A and MaNPR1B was followed by the second up-regulation of PR-1 and PR-3. Although SA and jasmonic acid (JA)/ethylene (ET) signaling are mostly antagonistic, systemic expression of PR genes regulated by different signaling pathways were simultaneously up-regulated after primary infection, indicating that both pathways are involved in the activation of the SAR.     

Alzheimer disease periventricular white matter lesions exhibit specific proteomic profile alterations

The white matter (WM) represents approximately half the cerebrum volume and is profoundly affected in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, both the WM responses to AD as well as potential influences of this compartment to dementia pathogenesis remain comparatively neglected. Neuroimaging studies have revealed WM alterations are commonly associated with AD and renewed interest in examining the pathologic basis and importance of these changes.     

汽油添加剂甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)对环境的危害性

甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)是欧美燃料市场最常用的汽油添加剂。由于其在土壤和地下水中的特殊理化行为,MTBE对人体健康和自然环境的负面影响正受到研究人员的关注。本文根据现有资料就MTBE的环境行为及其对生物的危害性影响进行综合评估。我们认为尽管大部分的MTBE是以气态的形式释放到大气中,但由于其光氧化速度非常快,所以MTBE不会造成空气污染。MTBE在土壤中的不吸附性和极高的水溶性,使其正在成为一种蔓延性的地下水污染物,MTBE在地下水中的半衰期至少需要二年。在适宜的环境条件下,MTBE的有氧微生物降解是可以发生的,但其厌氧降解的机率几乎为零。MTBE对动物是一种致癌物质,目前还没有足够的证据证明其对人类的致癌作用,但是MTBE对人体健康的负面影响是非常明显的。当MTBE浓度大于7.4 mg·L-1,其对水生生物能产生急性毒性作用,而在低浓度条件下(<0.1 mg·L-1),MTBE它们的急性毒性作用是非常有限的。MTBE对陆生植物的毒理学研究目前还十分有限。我们认为全面综合地评估MTBE对生物的毒性作用还需要大量的亚急性和慢性试验数据作为依据。