摇瓶培养条件下雷公藤不定根生长及次生代谢产物含量的研究

以雷公藤(Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f.)不定根为材料,研究摇瓶悬浮培养条件下接种密度、装液比例、逐级放大、消泡剂、大孔吸附树脂种类及浓度对雷公藤不定根增长量、不定根及培养基中雷公藤内酯醇、雷公藤吉碱、雷公藤次碱含量的影响。结果显示,接种密度在15 g/L (FW)时较适合不定根的继代培养和次生代谢产物的积累。250 m L摇瓶中装入100 m L培养基,即装液量为2/5时,培养基利用率最高。随着摇瓶体积的逐渐放大,不定根增长量和3种次生代谢产物含量略有下降,5 L摇瓶中不定根增长量为对照的91.6%,内酯醇、吉碱和次碱的含量分别为对照的91.8%、91.7%和96.9%。6种大孔吸附树脂中,XAD-7处理对不定根的生长有明显促进作用,培养结束时,3种次生代谢产物产量显著提高,当XAD-7浓度为0.5 g/瓶时不定根增长量为对照的1.2倍,内酯醇、吉碱和次碱产量最高,分别为对照的2.9、2.4和2.2倍。培养基中添加消泡剂后不定根增长量、3种次生代谢产物总产量均不同程度下降,其中,LX-603处理后,虽然不定根增长量为对照的85%,内酯醇、吉碱和次碱产量分别为对照的78%、64%和87%,但明显抑制了培养过程中泡沫的产生。研究结果表明筛选的摇瓶逐级放大培养雷公藤不定根的方法效果较好,可为雷公藤不定根生物反应器放大培养奠定基础。     

篮状菌属微生物次级代谢产物研究进展

天然产物的主要来源之一是微生物,不同于其他的生物资源,真菌菌种相对容易选育和保藏、适应力较强,可通过大规模发酵获取产物,更具有利于自然资源的可持续发展性和利用价值。篮状菌（Talaromyces sp.）及其次级代谢产物在天然色素上的研究受到科学家的青睐,同时在食品、环境、农业和医药等方面发挥了重要作用,尤其是海洋来源的篮状菌及其次级代谢物表现出显著的生物活性,例如杀虫、抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗病毒等。近来研究表明,篮状菌次级代谢产物根据生物合成的方式可以分为六大类：萜类（terpenes）、生物碱类（fumiquinazolines）、聚酮类（polyketides）、聚酯类（lactones）、醌类（quinones）和甾体类（steroids）,这些活性物质对促进药物的先导物质挖掘与开发具有重要意义。本文通过对文献和资料的查阅,总结了近年来篮状菌及其次级代谢物的研究开发进展,希望为后续研究和应用提供参考。     

Monitoring novel metabolic pathways using metabolomics and machine learning: induction of the phosphoketolase pathway in Aspergillus nidulans cultivations

The physiological phenotype of Aspergillus nidulans was determined under different environmental conditions through the quantification of the intracellular and extracellular metabolite pools and clear evidence of the presence of a novel fungal metabolic pathway, the phosphoketolase pathway, was obtained. Induction of the phosphoketolase pathway resulted after blocking the EMP pathway through the deactivation of glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase (G3PD). Deactivation of G3PD in cultivations of A. nidulans on glucose and xylose led to a 10-fold decrease in the specific growth rate; however, growth could still be sustained solely through the phosphoketolase pathway. Metabolomics and machine learning tools were successfully used to monitor the alteration caused by the inhibition of G3PD in the metabolism of A. nidulans grown on glucose, xylose, acetate as well as mixtures of glucose or xylose with acetate. This is the first study that demonstrates in vivo that the fungal central carbon metabolism includes an active phosphoketolase pathway.     

Metabolite analysis for the comparison of irrigated and non-irrigated field grown tomato of varying genotype

Every year the consequences of water deficit on crop yield and quality are profound. The observation that many wild species relatives of cultivated crops display a greater stress tolerance and the fact that the cultivated species generally display only a fraction of the allelic diversity available within the tomato clade suggest that crossing of wild species with elite cultivars could improve the stress physiology of modern crops. To assess this from the basis of chemical composition we applied an established GC-MS based metabolite profiling method to fruits from irrigated and non-irrigated tomato plants either of the cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) or of its hybrid with its wild species relative (Solanum pennellii). Results are discussed in terms of both the metabolic response to drought stress and the potential of utilizing exotic germplasm as a means to improve agronomically important characteristics of crop species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Physiology of the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus during batch and chemostat cultures with glucose as the sole carbon source

Growth, substrate consumption, metabolite formation, biomass composition and respiratory parameters of Kluyveromyces marxianus ATCC 26548 were determined during aerobic batch and chemostat cultivations, using mineral medium with glucose as the sole carbon source, at 30 degrees C and pH 5.0. Carbon balances closed within 95-101% in all experiments. A maximum specific growth rate of 0.56 h(-1), a biomass yield on glucose of 0.51 g g(-1), and a maximum specific consumption of oxygen of 11.1 mmol g(-1) h(-1) were obtained during batch cultures. The concentration of excreted metabolites was very low at the culture conditions applied, representing 6% of the consumed carbon at most. Acetate and pyruvate were excreted to a larger extent than ethanol under the batch conditions, and the protein content accounted for 54.6% of the biomass dry weight. Steady states were obtained during chemostats at dilution rates of 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 h(-1). At the two former dilution rates, cells grew at carbon limitation and the biomass yield on glucose was similar to that obtained under the batch conditions. Metabolite formation was rather low, accounting for a total of 0.005 C-mol C-mol(-1) substrate. At 0.5 h(-1), although the biomass yield on glucose was similar to the value obtained under the above-mentioned conditions, the cultivation was not under carbon limitation. Under this condition, 2-oxoglutarate, acetate, pyruvate and ethanol were the prevalent metabolites excreted. Total metabolite formation only accounted to 0.056 C-mol C-mol(-1) of substrate. A very high protein and a low carbohydrate content (71.9% and 9.6% of biomass dry weight, respectively) were measured in cells under this condition. It is concluded that K. marxianus aligns with the so-called aerobic-respiring or Crabtree-negative yeasts. Furthermore, it has one of the highest growth rates among yeasts, and a high capacity of converting sugar into biomass, even when carbon is not the limiting nutrient. These results provide useful data regarding the future application of K. marxianus in processes aimed at the production of biomass-linked compounds, with high yields and productivities.     

金属离子胁迫对Sphingomonas sp. Y2降解壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚特性的影响

壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚（NEPOs）是全球应用量最大的非离子型表面活性剂之一,具有环境雌激素毒性。NPEOs的中间代谢产物种类多、难降解,且毒性远高于其母系化合物。为研究金属离子对功能微生物Sphingomonas sp. Y2降解NPEOs特性的影响,分析了金属离子的最低抑制浓度（MIC）、细菌形态、NPEOs降解效率及代谢产物组成等变化。结果显示,菌株Y2对多种金属离子具有耐受性,在重金属培养基中对Mn²⁺、Zn²⁺具有较高的耐受性,MIC分别为500、90 mg/L;在500 mg/L Mn²⁺胁迫下,菌株Y2对NPEOs降解率为100.00%（3 d）;在90 mg/L Zn²⁺胁迫下,菌株Y2对NPEOs的降解率为20.62%（5 d）;两种离子双重胁迫下NPEOs降解率为15.65%（5 d）;Mn²⁺胁迫下菌株Y2细胞表面结构和形态发生明显变化,且改变了NPEOs代谢产物中组分的含量组成,其中短链NPEOs与短链壬基酚聚氧乙烯酸（NPECs）的比例为0.68,与对照相比,抑制/减缓了短链NPEOs的羧化反应。结果表明,菌株Sphingomonas sp. Y2对多种金属离子具有耐受性,Mn²⁺胁迫对细胞表面超微结构及NPEOs中间代谢产物组分组成产生显著影响。该研究将为表面活性剂类污染物的生物降解及相应代谢产物在环境中的毒性评价提供理论依据。     

2,4,6-Triphenylaniline nanoemulsion formulation,optimization, and its application in type 2 diabetes mellitus

The secondary metabolite 2,4,6-triphenylaniline (TPA) was isolated from an endophytic fungi Alternaria longipes strain VITN14G of mangrove plant Avicennia officinalis, that exhibited satisfactory in vitro antidiabetic activity for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The TPA was encapsulated using nanoemulsion (NE) to overcome the problem of stability and permeability to increase its therapeutic applications. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used for the optimization of the variables given, such as hydrodynamic diameter, surface charge, and polydispersity index (PDI). TPA was encapsulated using an optimized ratio of olive oil and tween 80 (2:1) significantly affected the response variables including particle size (124.8 nm), ζ potential (−46.0 mV), and PDI (0.396), and the encapsulation efficiency was found to be 95.93%. The TPA-loaded NE after MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) analysis showed nontoxic effects on L929 normal cell lines (areolar and adipose subcutaneous connective tissue of Mus musculus) with a viable percentage of 92%. In vitro release study revealed the slow and sustained release of the TPA over 48 hrs from NE under the Fickian diffusion mechanism and followed the Higuchi model for release kinetics. Further, the percentage of α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition rate of TPA-loaded NE was found to be 78.5 and 43.42%, respectively. The present study, therefore, can aid in the development of a novel drug delivery system as a therapeutic approach to T2DM.     

Characterization of C-terminal-truncated urinary metabolites of a recombinant hirudin in rats

Although it has been reported that hirudin was excreted in urine mainly as its nonmetabolized form in humans, dogs, and rabbits, no report has been published about the molecular nature of urinary metabolites in rats. We found that nonmetabolized hirudin could not be detected in rat urine after its i.v. administration and that urinary metabolites of recombinant hirudin CX-397 consisted of at least the following six C-terminal-truncated peptides: CX-397^1–49, CX-397^1–50, CX-397^1–51, CX-397^1–52, CX-397^1–54, and CX-397^1–55, in the ratio of roughly 11, 51, 3, 11, 19, and 5%, respectively. In conclusion, the urinary metabolism of recombinant hirudin in rats is different from that in humans, dogs, and rabbits, suggesting that the handling of hirudin in rat kidney is unique among them.     

Production of T-2 toxin by a Fusarium resembling Fusarium poae

A Fusarium species with a micro morphology similar to F. poae and a metabolite profile resembling that of F. sporotrichioides has been identified. Like typical F. poae, the microconidia have a globose to pyriform shape, but the powdery appearance, especially on Czapek-Dox Iprodione Dichloran agar (CZID), less aerial mycelium and the lack of fruity odour on Potato Sucrose Agar (PSA) make it different from F. poae. The lack of macroconidia, polyphialides and chlamydospores differentiates it from F. sporotrichioides. All 18 isolates investigated, 15 Norwegian, two Austrian and one Dutch, produced T-2 toxin (25–400 μg/g) on PSA or Yeast Extract Sucrose agar (YES). In addition, neosolaniol, iso-neosolaniol, HT-2 toxin, 4- and 15-acetyl T-2 tetraol, T-2 triol and T-2 tetraol and4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol were formed in variable amounts. Neither nivalenol, 4- or 15-acetylnivalenolor 4,15-diacetylnivalenol were detected in any of the cultures, while these toxins were produced at least in small amounts by all the 12 typical F. poae isolates studied. The question of whether this Fusarium should be classified as F. poae or F. sporotrichioides or a separate taxon should be addressed. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.