嫩江上游流域生态系统水量平衡的研究

以2级流域为研究单元,在流域结构特征调查分析的基础上,通过不同生态系统和不同森林类型对降水再分配的观测,从林分、生态系统和流域不同尺度和水平上定量分析了森林类型、生态系统、流域的水量平衡。结果表明,落叶松人工林的林冠截留率最大,表现出比天然白桦林、天然黑桦和天然阔叶混交林具有较强的蓄水和拦截功能,蒸散是森林生态系统水分输出的主要形式,天然阔叶混交林和人工针对林径流量相对较小,蒸散也是农田和草地水分输出的主要形式,它们的蒸散值分别占降雨量的91．06％、81．02％,草地蒸散值大于森林,具有较小的径流,表现出很强的蓄水保水作用,而农田蒸散值小于森林,径流量最大,总裁总蒸散占降水的80．84％,径流占23．26％。     

Seagrasses and eutrophication

This review summarizes the historic, correlative field evidence and experimental research that implicate cultural eutrophication as a major cause of seagrass disappearance. We summarize the underlying physiological responses of seagrass species, the potential utility of various parameters as indicators of nutrient enrichment in seagrasses, the relatively sparse available information about environmental conditions that exacerbate eutrophication effects, and the better known array of indirect stressors imposed by nutrient over-enrichment that influence seagrass growth and survival. Seagrass recovery following nutrient reductions is examined, as well as the status of modeling efforts to predict seagrass response to changing nutrient regimes.The most common mechanism invoked or demonstrated for seagrass decline under nutrient over-enrichment is light reduction through stimulation of high-biomass algal overgrowth as epiphytes and macroalgae in shallow coastal areas, and as phytoplankton in deeper coastal waters. Direct physiological responses such as ammonium toxicity and water-column nitrate inhibition through internal carbon limitation may also contribute. Seagrass decline under nutrient enrichment appears to involve indirect and feedback mechanisms, and is manifested as sudden shifts in seagrass abundance rather than continuous, gradual changes in parallel with rates of increased nutrient additions. Depending on the species, interactions of high salinity, high temperature, and low light have been shown to exacerbate the adverse effects of nutrient over-enrichment. An array of indirect effects of nutrient enrichment can accelerate seagrass disappearance, including sediment re-suspension from seagrass loss, increased system respiration and resulting oxygen stress, depressed advective water exchange from thick macroalgal growth, biogeochemical alterations such as sediment anoxia with increased hydrogen sulfide concentrations, and internal nutrient loading via enhanced nutrient fluxes from sediments to the overlying water. Indirect effects on trophic structure can also be critically important, for example, the loss of herbivores, through increased hypoxia/anoxia and other habitat shifts, that would have acted as “ecological engineers” in promoting seagrass survival by controlling algal overgrowth; and shifts favoring exotic grazers that out-compete seagrasses for space. Evidence suggests that natural seagrass population shifts are disrupted, slowed or indefinitely blocked by cultural eutrophication, and there are relatively few known examples of seagrass meadow recovery following nutrient reductions.Reliable biomarkers as early indicators of nutrient over-enriched seagrass meadows would benefit coastal resource managers in improving protective measures. Seagrasses can be considered as “long-term" integrators (days to weeks) of nutrient availability, especially through analyses of their tissue content, and of activities of enzymes such as nitrate reductase and alkaline phosphatase. The ratio of leaf nitrogen content to leaf mass has also shown promise as a “nutrient pollution indicator” for the seagrass Zostera marina, with potential application to other species. In modeling efforts, seagrass response to nutrient loading has proven difficult to quantify beyond localized areas because long-term data consistent in quality are generally lacking, and high inter-annual variability in abundance and productivity depending upon stochastic meteorological and hydrographic conditions.Efforts to protect remaining seagrass meadows from damage and loss under eutrophication, within countries and across regions, are generally lacking or weak and ineffective. Research needs to further understand about seagrasses and eutrophication should emphasize experimental studies to assess the response of a wider range of species to chronic, low-level as well as acute, pulsed nutrient enrichment. These experiments should be conducted in the field or in large-scale mesocosms following appropriate acclimation, and should emphasize factor interactions (N, P, C; turbidity; temperature; herbivory) to more closely simulate reality in seagrass ecosystems. They should scale up to address processes that occur over larger scales, including food-web dynamics that involve highly mobile predators and herbivores. Without any further research, however, one point is presently very clear: Concerted local and national actions, thus far mostly lacking, are needed worldwide to protect remaining seagrass meadows from accelerating cultural eutrophication in rapidly urbanizing coastal zones.     

绵阳官司河流域主要森林类型凋落物含量及动态变化

对绵阳官司河流域代表性森林——桤柏混交林、柏木纯林、松栎混交林和松柏混交林的凋落物量、组成特征和季节动态变化及其凋落物中N、P、K含量进行了定位观测和研究,结果表明：其年均凋落物量分别为4．229（3．732—4．828）、5．133（4．215—6．545）、5．701（5．133—6．642）t·hm^-2和5．351（4．762—5．854）t·hm^-2;叶、枝、花果、松皮和杂物的比例分别为72．1：8．9：11．9：0：7．1、75．4：9．0：9．0：0：6．5、79．7：11．0：6．3：0．5：2．4和60．4：9．5：16．0：7．5：6．5;灌木凋落量分别占总凋落量的16．4％、1．5％、9．5％和12．1％;凋落物的年变化规律为：桤柏混交林和柏木林主要集中在生长季,松柏混交林为双峰型,出现在生长季早期和休眠期,松栎混交林为单峰型,为12月份;凋落物中N、P、K元素含量以N素最高,其次是K素,P素最少,N、P、K总量分别为62．702、70．596、79．228kg·hm^-2a^-1和80．011kg·hm^-2·a^-1。     

Pre-industrial and contemporary fluxes of nitrogen through rivers: a global assessment based on typology

This paper provides a global synthesis of reactive nitrogen (Nr) loading to the continental landmass and subsequent riverine nitrogen fluxes under a gradient of anthropogenic disturbance, from pre-industrial to contemporary. A mass balance model of nitrogen loading to the landmass is employed to account for transfers of Nr between atmospheric input sources (as food and feed products) and subsequent consumer output loads. This calculation produces a gridded surface of nitrogen loading ultimately mobilizable to aquatic systems (Nmob). Compared to the pre-industrial condition, nitrogen loading to the landmass has doubled from 111 to 223Tg/year due to anthropogenic activities. This is particularly evident in the industrialized areas of the globe where contemporary levels of nitrogen loading have increased up to 6-fold in many areas. The quantity of nitrogen loaded to the landscape has shifted from a chiefly fixation-based system (89% of total loads) in the pre-industrial state to a heterogeneous mix in contemporary times where fertilizer (15%), livestock (24%) and atmospheric deposition (15%) dominate in many parts of the industrialized and developing world. A nitrogen transport model is developed from a global database of drainage basin characteristics and a comprehensive compendium of river chemistry observations. The model utilizes constituent delivery coefficients based on basin temperature and hydraulic residence times in soils, rivers, lakes and reservoirs to transport nitrogen loads to river mouths. Fluxes are estimated for total nitrogen, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, and total organic nitrogen. Model results show that total nitrogen fluxes from river basins have doubled from 21Tg/year in the pre-industrial to 40Tg/year in the contemporary period, with many industrialized areas of the globe showing an increase up to 5-fold. DIN fluxes from river basins have increased 6-fold from 2.4Tg/year in the pre-industrial to 14.5Tg/year in the contemporary period. The amount of nitrogen loading delivered to river mouth as flux is greatly influenced by both basin temperatures and hydraulic residence times suggesting a regional sensitivity to loading. The global, aggregate nitrogen retention on the continental land mass is 82%, with a range of 0–100% for individual basins. We also present the first seasonal estimates of riverine nitrogen fluxes at the global scale based on monthly discharge as the primary driver.     

流域生态学——新学科、新思想、新途径

在评述流域生态学定义、来源及有关认识的基础上,论述了流域生态学作为一门学科的意义和主要研究内容。文章认为流域生态学的研究与应用是流域社会、经济可持续发展的有效途径,有必要尽快地系统开展相关研究     

泾河流域植被覆盖时空演变及其与降水的关系

在当前全球变化和人类活动剧烈影响下, 研究黄土高原植被覆盖的发展趋势及其与主要限制因子的关系, 对黄土高原退化生态系统的恢复和区域生态环境评价有着重要意义。我们利用GIMMS-NDVI数据和长期降雨数据, 对黄土高原中部泾河流域22 a的植被覆盖时空演变及其与降水的关系进行了研究。结果表明, 1)1982~2003年, 泾河流域植被覆盖整体呈微弱的增加趋势, 并在空间上表现出一定差异。植被覆盖增加的地区约69.62%, 其中显著增加的地区16.61%, 主要分布在泾河流域的中西部和下游小流域, 显著下降的地区约1.65%, 主要分布在泾河流域上游及周边地区; 2) NDVI与降水极显著相关。年NDVI随年降水服从对数分布, 生长季(4~11月)NDVI比降水滞后1个月; 3) 泾河流域降水利用效率不稳定变化, 土地退化状况未见有效改善, 并且泾河流域降水利用效率随降水量的增加而降低, 值得探索。     

Watershed modelling of nonpoint nitrogen losses from arable land to the Swedish coast in 1985 and 1994

Eutrophication problems in the Baltic Sea have drawn attention to the contribution of nutrients from surrounding countries. By using the HBV-N model in southern Sweden (145 000 km²) daily nitrogen leaching, reduction in rivers and lakes, net transport to the sea and source apportionment have been calculated in 3725 subbasins for the period 1985–1994, with calibration at 722 sites against measured time series. On average, 48% of the nonpoint losses from agriculture were reduced during the transport towards the sea, which left about 33 500 tonnes in annual mean net transport. This represents 45% of the total land-based load. Land cover and emissions for the years of 1985 and 1994 were used in two separate simulations of the 10-year period. The normalized gross leakage from arable land in 1985 was estimated to 29 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, which corresponds to 15 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in net leakage to the sea. In 1994 these transports were reduced by 20 and 15%, and thereby the total load on the sea was decreased by 7%. This is still far from the Swedish goal of 50% reduction. The article presents the spatial variation of nitrogen leakage and retention within the southern half of Sweden, and emphasizes the importance of allocating measures where down-stream retention is low in order to achieve efficiency with respect to the sea. It is shown that the model approach may be used in the decision making process for best management practices in watersheds.     

噬菌斑电子图像的计算机处理及其自动计数

噬菌斑平板计数是微生物学理论研究与实际应用中常用的方法之一.但由于平板上噬菌斑与背景反差小,而且往往出现几个噬菌斑相连,计算机识别时出现较大的误差,因此噬菌斑计数目前仍为人工方法.本文以λ噬菌体为材料,感染E.coli宿主细胞,获得噬菌斑.然后将噬菌斑制成电子图像.抽取图像中有代表性的区域,利用分水岭算法对图像进行分割处理,将相连的噬菌斑分割成单独的噬菌斑,然后利用基于区域生长法进行计数,结果与人工计数完全相同,表明我们建立的新方法可以用于噬菌斑计算机自动计数.     

基于土地利用的博斯腾湖流域生态系统服务价值时空变化

探讨土地利用变化及其对生态服务功能价值影响，是促进流域生态环境保护和资源合理配置的重要理论依据和决策支持。采用改进的生态系统服务价值评估、热点分析等方法探究了博斯腾湖流域1995-2018年土地利用变化与生态系统服务价值时空（ESV）演变。结果表明：（1）流域旱地、建设用地面积持续增加；荒漠、草甸、湿地、水域、灌木面积呈现波动增长趋势；裸地、草原、冰川积雪、阔叶、针叶面积呈现波动下降趋势。（2）流域23年间ESV呈减小-增大-减小-增大的波动增大趋势，调节服务和支持服务构成流域ESV主体。水域、草甸和草原是流域ESV变化主要的贡献因子和敏感因子，其中水域和草甸为正向贡献因子；草原为负向贡献因子。（3）流域ESV总体空间分布呈"北偏高，南偏低"，唯一高值集聚区（博斯腾湖）点缀在低值区的格局，ESV南北空间差异明显；研究区年平均湿地和水域面积之和仅占总面积的3.61%，主导着整个流域生态系统服务价值的变化，是流域环境保护和生态建设的重心。（4）流域生态系统服务价值热点区域变化不大，冷点区域面积大且呈缩减趋势。流域北部的ESV空间演变较为显著，其原因是荒漠和裸地、草原和草甸等自然生态系统转换频繁。研究区南部的绿洲区的扩张使得局部冷点区转为次冷点区。     

Soil erosion and gully growth associated with cultivation in southwestern Hokkaido, Japan

This study examined the processes underlying land and riparian degradation, by quantifying soil erosion and gully growth in slopes adjacent to cropland. The concentration of suspended sediments was consistently higher in cultivated catchments, where gully expansion causes 2–3 times more landslides than occur in forested catchments. Sediment from gullies contributed about 34% of the total sediment in the cultivated catchment. There has been increasing erosion and sedimentation on the valley floor over the past 20 years, both because of the expansion of land under cultivation and because of the mechanization of agriculture since the 1960s has reduced the infiltration capacity of cropland, making it easier for erosion to occur when it rains. Most of the finer sediment is transported to the sea, where it affects coastal ecosystems, while the coarser sediment, such as sand, remains in the stream and fills the spaces between gravel on the streambed. This eliminates habitat suitable for fish and invertebrates; the density of macro-invertebrates in cultivated catchments is only 10–20% of that in forested catchments. Effective stream restoration will require both construction measures to prevent slopes from eroding and the regulation of land use, including reforestation at the borders of agricultural land.