太行山猕猴的冬季生境选择

2007 年11 月至2008 年2 月,在太行山猕猴国家级自然保护区愚公保护站,根据观察到的猕猴活动痕迹和位置,设置了180 个10 m × 10 m 的样方。在这些样方中,对10 个生态因子(地形、海拔高度、坡位、坡向、坡度、离水源距离、人为干扰、郁闭度、隐蔽度、平均胸径)进行了调查分析,以期了解太行山猕猴的冬季生境选择特征。结果表明:太行山猕猴在冬季喜好选择的生境特征为:倾向于围绕大树(乔木平均胸径> 15 cm)活动;较之其它季节,冬季的猕猴更愿意接近人类居所(< 2 000 m),并选择离水源近(< 1 000 m)的地方活动,说明直接饮水可能是猕猴在干旱冬季获得足量水分的重要途径;冬季猕猴喜欢在坡度为15° ～40°、郁闭度< 60% 的阳坡活动,活动区域的海拔高度为1 000 ～1 300 m。猕猴对生境中地形特征和坡位无明显偏好,对活动地点的隐蔽条件也无特殊要求。文中还对所选择的生态因子进行了主成分分析,结果表明,前5 个主成分的特征值均大于1,其累积贡献率达到70.713% ,可以较好地反映猕猴的冬季生境特征。     

祁连山区青海云杉林冠层叶面积指数的反演方法

叶面积指数(Leaf area index, LAI)是陆地生态系统的一个十分重要的结构参数。随着空间精细化模型的发展和基于过程的分布式模拟技术的应用, 对LAI的区域估算显得越来越重要, 但目前尚缺乏有效的估算手段。该项研究以青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)林为研究对象, 利用LAI-2000冠层分析仪、鱼眼镜头法和经验公式法对林冠层LAI进行了测定, 观测值分别为1.03~3.70、0.48~2.26和2.27~8.20, 显然, 仪器测定值偏低。针对针叶的集聚效应导致仪器测定值偏低的现象, 利用跟踪辐射与冠层结构测量仪(TRAC)测定的青海云杉林聚集系数计算调整系数, 对鱼眼镜头法获取的LAI值进行订正。根据高分辨率的遥感数据反演青海云杉林的植被指数与LAI的关系, 最后获得了较合理的该地区林冠层LAI的空间分布图。     

长白山红松阔叶混交林林冠空隙树种更新动态规律的研究

分析了长白山红松阔叶混交林林冠空隙(Gap)内更新树种的数量特征.结果表明, 在34个林冠空隙中, 更新乔木树种出现频度为7.27%, 更新灌木树种出现频度为21.02%, Gap形成后, 阳性先锋树种首先侵入, 出现频度较高, 占据较宽的生态位, 随着Gap年龄的增加, 树种间的竞争逐渐增大, 阳性树种的生长逐渐受到限制, 阴性树种逐渐增多;Gap年龄与Gap郁闭度和Gap面积呈负相关, Gap面积与树种出现频度呈负相关;Gap年龄主要分布在5～15a和46～55a两段期间, 树种出现频度与Gap年龄存在着密切关系, 当Gap年龄小于25a时, 二者呈正相关;当Gap年龄在25～40a时, 二者呈负相关;当Gap年龄大于40a时, 树种出现频度趋于稳定;34个Gap内4种主要乔木更新树种和4种主要灌木更新树种的胸径均基本上呈正态分布, 乔木更新树种的最高点胸径为4～6cm径级, 灌木更新树种的最高点胸径为1.2cm径级.     

The lateglacial vegetation and radiocarbon dating of Lake Trilistnika, Rila Mountains (Bulgaria)

Pollen analysis, supplemented by 5 ¹⁴C dates, was carried out on the lateglacial section (160 cm) of a core retrieved from the glacial Lake Trilistnika (2216 m) in the northwestern Rila Mountains (Bulgaria). The reconstruction of the lateglacial vegetation history is linked for the first time to a chronological framework for the time window 13000–10000 b.p. The delimitation of an interstadial/stadial cycle, analogous with the Bølling/Allerød-Younger Dryas from Western Europe, is based on important changes in the pollen stratigraphy. Mountain-steppe vegetation composed of Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae and other cold-resistant herbs, with isolated stands of Pinus and Juniperus-Ephedra shrubland, dominated the landscape after the ice-retreat. Interstadial conditions were established before 12815±130 b.p. The spread of tree vegetation at lower elevation as a response to the climate improvement was confined to the time interval 12110±95–11140±75 b.p. The Younger Dryas stadial is characterised by a re-advance of the mountain-steppe vegetation. The results are compared with other sites of lateglacial age from the high mountains (Rila, northern Pirin, western Rhodopes) in southern Bulgaria.     

Habitat Assessment, Phytosociology and Conservation of the Tunbridge Filmy-fern Hymenophyllum tunbrigense (L) Sm. in its Isolated Locations in the Vosges Mountains

The Tunbridge Filmy-fern, Hymenophyllum tunbrigense, has been discovered within the last 10 years in several places in a 15 km long by 2 km wide area located in the western part of the Vosges Mountains. After the disappearance of the Saxony and Ardennes sites, these Vosgian locations have to be considered as one of the last continental areas for this fern in Europe, meriting the same level of interest as the well-known Luxembourg locations. In its Vosgian area, the fern occurs in Abies alba forests on small (less than 2.5 m high) and moist sandstone rocks, generally located near running water in wet valleys, at altitudes between 400 and 640 meters a.s.l. As assessed through the impact of the 26 December 1999 storm on one Hymenophyllum location, this fern appears to be sensitive to direct sunlight in the Vosges mountains. Therefore the main measure to ensure its conservation would be to maintain a dense and permanent forest canopy above the Hymenophyllum sites in order to avoid any direct sunlight.     

Gene lineages and eastern North American palaeodrainage basins: phylogeography and speciation in salamanders of the Eurycea bislineata species complex

Contemporary North American drainage basins are composites of formerly isolated drainages, suggesting that fragmentation and fusion of palaeodrainage systems may have been an important factor generating current patterns of genetic and species diversity in stream-associated organisms. Here, we combine traditional molecular-phylogenetic, multiple-regression, nested clade, and molecular-demographic analyses to investigate the relationship between phylogeographic variation and the hydrogeological history of eastern North American drainage basins in semiaquatic plethodontid salamanders of the Eurycea bislineata species complex. Four hundred forty-two sequences representing 1108 aligned bases from the mitochondrial genome are reported for the five formally recognized species of the E. bislineata complex and three outgroup taxa. Within the in-group, 270 haplotypes are recovered from 144 sampling locations. Geographic patterns of mtDNA-haplotype coalescence identify 13 putatively independent population-level lineages, suggesting that the current taxonomy of the group underestimates species-level diversity. Spatial and temporal patterns of phylogeographic divergence are strongly associated with historical rather than modern drainage connections, indicating that shifts in major drainage patterns played a pivotal role in the allopatric fragmentation of populations and build-up of lineage diversity in these stream-associated salamanders. More generally, our molecular genetic results corroborate geological and faunistic evidence suggesting that palaeodrainage connections altered by glacial advances and headwater erosion occurring between the mid-Miocene and Pleistocene epochs explain regional patterns of biodiversity in eastern North American streams.     

火干扰对大兴安岭北部原始林下层植物多样性的影响

在景观尺度自然火干扰历史研究的基础上,采用1个物种丰富度指数（物种数 S）、2个均匀度指数（Pielou均匀度指数Eh＇和Alatalo均匀度指数E）、3个物种多样性指数（Shannon-Wiener指数H＇,Hill多样性指数N1和N2）共6个？多样性指数,研究了长期火干扰与最近一次火干扰对大兴安岭北部原始林下木层、草本层及下层总体的植物多样性的影响.研究结果表明,本区下层植物的物种数、均匀度指数和多样性指数都以下木层显著大于草本层,因而下木层对下层植物总体生物多样性的贡献最大,也是主要影响因子.火干扰对下木层、草本层和下层总体的物种丰富度和物种多样性有显著影响,而对均匀度的影响不显著.长期的火干扰影响下,下木层、草本层和下层总体的物种数、各类均匀度指数和物种多样性指数都呈现如下格局：高频类＞中频类＞低频类,低强类＞中强类＞高强类.最近一次火干扰影响下,各个生物多样性指数都表现为一致的趋势：低强类＞中强类＞高强类;短期类＞长期类＞中期类.下层植物多样性与火干扰的关系是长期适应的结果.     

太行山南段森林群落物种多样性研究

分别用多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数对山西太行山南段森林群落的物种多样性及其与环境的关系进行了分析.结果表明:(1)3个植被型的物种多样性指数的顺序为:落叶阔叶林>温性针阔叶混交林>温性针叶林.(2)落叶阔叶林中各群系的物种多样性指数的顺序为:漆树 青麸杨林>鹅耳枥 青榨槭林>青檀林>辽东栎林>栓皮栎林>白桦林>红桦林>山杨 白桦林.(3)温性针叶林中各群系的物种多样性指数的顺序为南方红豆杉林>油松林>白皮松林>侧柏林.(4)物种丰富度指数在群落梯度上的总体趋势表现为草本层>灌木层>乔木层;多样性指数的趋势则为灌木层>乔木层>草本层;各群落灌木层物种均匀度指数大于乔木层和草本层,乔木层均匀度与草本层相差不明显.(5)各群落多样性指数在海拔梯度上表现出明显的规律,呈单峰曲线变化,即中等海拔高度上的群落物种多样性较高,而高海拔和低海拔多样性较低,这主要是由于在中海拔(大约1 500 m)地段水热条件组合较好、人类活动干扰较少所致.     

秦岭北坡几种人工林根系及土壤有机碳剖面分布特征的研究

对秦岭北坡浅山区刺槐、油松、侧柏人工林根系生物量、土壤有机碳含量以及土壤氮素进行了测定分析.结果表明,3种人工林之间的根系生物量存在差异,变异系数达到27.75%;土壤有机碳含量差异不明显,变异系数只有3.36%;在土壤剖面上,3种人工林根系生物量的垂直分布有明显差异,但土壤有机碳含量的层次变化基本一致,土壤有机碳主要集中在0~10 cm土层中,其含量超过0~60 cm土层总量的40%;3种人工林土壤全氮与土壤有机碳含量之间都呈显著的线性正相关.     

秦岭大熊猫精液的细管冷冻保存

2008年3月1日至4月27日和2009年3月3日至5月1日,在陕西省珍稀野生动物抢救饲养研究中心对处于繁殖期内的4只雄性秦岭大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis)精液进行了细管冻精实验。比较组成不同的4种稀释液:葡萄糖-果糖-柠檬酸三钠-卵黄-甘油-双抗(稀释液1)、葡萄糖-蔗糖-柠檬酸三钠-卵黄-甘油-双抗(稀释液2)、葡萄糖-柠檬酸三钠-卵黄-甘油-双抗(稀释液3)和美国进口的TEST(加入3.5%甘油),以及直接降温平衡法(方法 1)与逐级降温平衡法(方法 2)2种冷冻保存操作方法,对秦岭大熊猫精液进行细管冷冻保存后精子活力和顶体完整率的影响。结果表明:稀释液1的精子活力为46.25%±11.67%,顶体完整率为80.75%±7.89%,TEST的精子活力为48.75%±8.54%,顶体完整率为84.50%±7.59%,两者的精子活力和顶体完整率均无明显差异(P0.05),但是都明显高于稀释液2(P﹤0.01)和稀释液3(P﹤0.01);采用方法 1冷冻保存秦岭大熊猫精液,解冻后精子的活力和顶体完整率分别为45.67%±10.54%和81.37%±8.42%,都显著高于方法 2(P﹤0.01);方法 1解冻后畸形率为23.50%±3.51%,明显低于方法 2(P﹤0.01)。经比较确定,方法 1(用稀释液1)是一种较好的细管冷冻保存秦岭大熊猫精液的方法。