草鱼孵化腺超微结构及孵化酶形成与释放的研究

草鱼胚胎孵化腺为单细胞腺体,发生于外胚层,主要分布在胚胎头部及头部与卵黄囊连接处,尤以眼睛腹下方最多且典型。其形成、释放酶的过程具有一定的规律性,可划分为5个时期:形成前期、迁移期、分泌期、衰退期和消失期。畸形胚胎头部表皮细胞中很少有HGC的分化或HGC分化不完全,其形态结构也呈现畸形。       

Schistosoma mansoni: factors affecting hatching of eggs

The effect of light, oxygen tension, reducing conditions and thermal shock on egg hatching in Schistosoma mansoni were examined. Hatching was found to be unaffected by light or dark conditions or aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Cold shock from 15 to 120 sec was also ineffective in stimulating hatching. The reducing agents ascorbic acid and cysteine inhibited egg hatching. However, the oxidized forms of these compounds inhibited hatching as well, indicating that the reducing conditions they provided were not responsible for the inhibition.     

Pulse treatment of sea urchin embryos with A23187 blocks their hatching out

Summary Pulse treatment of sea urchin embryos with 3 µM A23187 for 2 h at 20° C, starting from 3 to 6 h of development, prevented the embryos from hatching. Many embryos thus treated with A23187 produced mesenchyme cells and underwent gastrulation while still enclosed within the fertilization membrane. The pulse treatment in this pre-hatching period exerts markedly stronger inhibitory effects on hatching than on other events in early development. Treatment beginning at times earlier than 2 h and later than 8 h of development caused only a slight delay of hatching. The activity of hatching enzyme, known to increase between 6 and 8 h after fertilization, was quite low, if present at all, in embryos in which hatching was blocked by A23187. Hatching enzyme synthesis is probably blocked by the preceding pulse treatment. However, overall protein synthesis, estimated with methionine S 35 incorporation, was somewhat augmented in embryos by the pulse treatment. The blockage of hatching and the augmentation of overall protein synthesis by A23187 were appreciably reversed by procaine, tetracaine, ruthenium red or verapamil. Probably, an artificial Ca²⁺ signal induced by A23187 activates protein synthesis but blocks the induction of hatching enzyme synthesis.     

The necessity for low temperature treatment on the eggs of Emma Cricket,Teleogryllus emma and the method of increasing the hatching rate after low temperature treatment

The necessity for low temperature treatment of Emma Cricket Eggs, Teleogryllus emma, to dormancy breaking and the method of increasing hatching rate after low temperature treatment were investigated. Emma Cricket Eggs were treated by constant temperature, room temperature, low temperature, step‐down low temperature. As a result, constant temperature treatment was the lowest on hatching rate. The hatching rates of the rest of other temperature treatments were not different statistically (one‐way ANOVA). In other word, low temperature treatment was not necessary to dormancy breaking. But low temperature treatment was necessary to control individual number of Emma Cricket, Teleogryllus emma, on the mass indoor‐rearing system. And the step‐up temperature treatment was necessary to increase hatching rate after low temperature treatment.     

Effects of constant and fluctuating incubation temperatures on hatching success and hatchling traits in the diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin) in the context of the warming climate

As global temperatures continue to rise, so too will the nest temperatures of many species of turtles. Yet for most turtle species, including the estuarine diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin), there is limited information on embryonic sensitivity to elevated temperature. We incubated eggs of M. terrapin at three, mean temperatures (31, 34, 37 °C) under two thermal exposure regimes (constant or semi-naturally fluctuating temperature) and measured hatching success, developmental rate, and hatchling size. Hatching success was 100% at 31 °C and 67% at 34 °C, respectively; at 37 °C, all eggs failed early in the incubation period. These values were unaffected by exposure regime. The modeled LT₅₀ (temperature that was lethal to 50% of the test population) was 34.0 °C in the constant and 34.2 °C in the fluctuating thermal regime, reflecting a steep decline in survival between 33 and 35 °C. Hatchlings having been incubated at a constant 34 °C hatched sooner than those incubated at 31 °C under either constant or fluctuating temperature. Hatchlings were smaller in straight carapace length (CL) and width after having been incubated at 34 °C compared to 31 °C. Larger (CL) hatchlings resulted from fluctuating temperature conditions relative to constant temperature conditions, regardless of mean temperature. Based upon recent temperatures in natural nests, the M. terrapin population studied here appears to possess resiliency to several degrees of elevated mean nest temperatures, beyond which, embryonic mortality will likely sharply increase. When considered within the mosaic of challenges that Maryland's M. terrapin face as the climate warms, including ongoing habitat losses due to sea level rise and impending thermal impacts on bioenergetics and offspring sex ratios, a future increase in embryonic mortality could be a critical factor for a population already experiencing ecological and physiological challenges due to climate change.     

Does Lighting Manipulation During Incubation Affect Hatching Rhythms and Early Development of Sole?

Light plays a key role in the development of biological rhythms in fish. Previous research on Senegal sole has revealed that both spawning rhythms and larval development are strongly influenced by lighting conditions. However, hatching rhythms and the effect of light during incubation are as yet unexplored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the light spectrum and photoperiod on Solea senegalensis eggs and larvae until day 7 post hatching (dph). To this end, eggs were collected immediately after spawning during the night and exposed to continuous light (LL), continuous darkness (DD), or light-dark (LD) 12L:12D cycles of white light (LD_W), blue light (LD_B; λ_peak?=?463?nm), or red light (LD_R; λ_peak?=?685?nm). Eggs exposed to LD_B had the highest hatching rate (94.5%?±?1.9%), whereas LD_R and DD showed the lowest hatching rate (54.4%?±?3.9% and 48.4%?±?4.2%, respectively). Under LD conditions, the hatching rhythm peaked by the end of the dark phase, but was advanced in LD_B (zeitgeber time 8 [ZT8]; ZT0 representing the onset of darkness) in relation to LD_W and LD_R (ZT11). Under DD conditions, the same rhythm persisted, although with lower amplitude, whereas under LL the hatching rhythm split into two peaks (ZT8 and ZT13). From dph 4 onwards, larvae under LD_B showed the best growth and quickest development (advanced eye pigmentation, mouth opening, and pectoral fins), whereas larvae under LD_R and DD had the poorest performance. These results reveal that developmental rhythms at the egg stage are tightly controlled by light characteristics, underlining the importance of reproducing their natural underwater photoenvironment (LD cycles of blue wavelengths) during incubation and early larvae development of fish. (Author correspondence: borja@um.es)     

恒定和波动温度下丽斑麻蜥孵出幼体的表型变异

作者以丽斑麻蜥(Eremias argus)为模型动物研究恒定和波动孵化温度对孵化成功率和孵出幼体表型的影响。卵在四个恒定[24 ,27 ,30 and 33 (±0·3)℃]、一个波动温度下孵化。不同温度处理下的孵化成功率相同,但孵出幼体表型不同。孵化期随孵化温度升高呈指数式缩短;在相同平均温度下,波动温度孵化卵的孵化期比恒温孵化卵长。在所有被检表型特征中,幼体的干重、剩余卵黄干重和运动表现更易受孵化温度影响。总体而言,低温(24℃、27℃)孵出幼体运动表现最佳,高温(33℃)孵出幼体最差、温和温度(30℃和波动温度)孵出幼体居中。本文研究数据显示: (1)丽斑麻蜥卵每日短期暴露于潜在致死的极端温度下对孵化成功率和孵出幼体形态特征无明显的不利效应; (2)温度波动对孵出幼体运动表现无促进作用,对孵化期的影响则不同于平均值相同的恒定温度。     

Captive breeding of endangered fish Chitala chitala (Hamilton-Buchanan) for species conservation and sustainable utilization

Over the last few decades wild population of Chitala chitala (HamiltonBuchanan) has been declined more than 50% due to various reasons and is presently listed under endangered (EN) category due to reduced abundance. In the present communication wild C. chitala were collected from natural habitats and induced to spawn under captivity during July 2002 by injecting three different doses of synthetic hormone Ovaprim. Intramuscular injections were administered to fishes using three different doses (1.5, 1.0 and 0.5 ml/kg body weight). Artificial breeding pool was prepared for each set by encircling area (20 × 5 m) with mosquito net, where wooden country boat (8 × 4 × 2.5 feet with surface area 48.5 sq. feet) was placed inside the breeding pool. Distinct spawning behavior was noticed in the experimental sets with different hormonal dose whereas no spawning activity was noticed in control set. The fertilization rate varied from 48.8680.2% and total numbers of spawned eggs in two sets of experiments were estimated to be 81,034. The average number of eggs deposited 15 ± 2.1/square inches. The fertilized eggs were large in size (4.5 ± 0.05 mm), adhesive and attached to the hard substratum. The eggs hatch out between 168192 h after fertilization and about 33,639 hatchlings were produced. Newly hatched larvae measured 10.23 ± 0.03 mm and 0.031± 0.008 gm in weight and the mean diameter of yolk sac was 4.1 ± 0.08 mm. The yolk sac remains attached up to a week. The percentage survival of hatchlings varied from 42.2 to 65.60. Statistical analysis was worked out to determine the relation between the hormone dosage with different breeding parameters like latency period, fertilization rate, egg output, hatching rate and hatchling production.     

Patterns in rotifer diapausing egg banks: Density and viability

Here we present a quantitative study on the density, age and viability of the diapausing egg banks of the rotifer species complex Brachionus plicatilis in the sediments of 15 water bodies from Eastern Spain. Sampled ponds, located in coastal and inland areas, varied in salinity and ranged in size, depth and permanence. By identifying ‘hatched’, ‘deteriorated’ and ‘viable’ diapausing eggs in the sediment samples, we estimated production, hatching and deterioration in relation to the habitat properties of each pond. Our results indicate the presence of large numbers of diapausing eggs in the sediments of almost all of the ponds studied (2-115 eggs cm^− 2). Inland ponds tended to have higher densities than coastal lagoons. The vertical distribution of eggs in the sediments frequently showed a non-decreasing pattern, which suggested a high among-year variation in egg production. Despite maximum age of eggs of 60-80 years, the median age (3-30 years) suggests that rotifer egg banks are young in the studied ponds. Egg senescence is suggested by the declining abundance of ‘healthy-looking’ eggs with depth. The proportion of ‘deteriorated’ eggs ranged 75-99% suggesting that deterioration rates in the sediments are high and vary among habitats. Hatching and deterioration rates, as estimated from the counts of ‘hatched’, ‘deteriorated’ and ‘healthy-looking’ eggs in the sediments, largely varied among ponds. An association between hatching and deterioration rates is suggested by our data. This is in agreement with the hypothesis that hatching rates of diapausing eggs depended not only on the risks associated with the water column, as initially expected by the general theory on diapause, but they are also related to the incidence of deterioration processes in the sediment.     

A minimum model of prey-predator system with dormancy of predators and the paradox of enrichment

In this paper, a mathematical model of a prey-predator system is proposed to resolve the paradox of enrichment in ecosystems. The model is based on the natural strategy that a predator takes, i.e, it produces resting eggs in harsh environment. Our result gives a criterion for a functional response, which ensures that entering dormancy stabilizes the population dynamics. It is also shown that the hatching of resting eggs can stabilize the population dynamics when the switching between non-resting and resting eggs is sharp. Furthermore, the bifurcation structure of our model suggests the simultaneous existence of a stable equilibrium and a large amplitude cycle in natural enriched environments.