佛山市禅城区小型兽类组成及多样性的时空变化

城市化导致的野生动物生境破碎化,会使野栖小型兽类更多聚集分布于城区斑块化的农区和公园生境中,因而其多样性组成及时空变化模式可能会与其他区域不同,了解这些模式对防控城区野栖小型兽类的危害具有重要支撑作用。本研究于2020年12月至2021年10月,分4个季节在佛山市禅城区3个公园和7处农区生境中以夹捕法调查小型兽类,比较了小型兽类的种类、密度和生态学指标的时空差异。共有效置夹1843夹次,捕获小型兽类2目2科4属7种共244只。其中劳亚食虫目（Eulipotyphla）的臭鼩（Suncus murinus）占总捕获动物的48.77%;啮齿目中黑缘齿鼠（Rattus andamanensis,20.90%）和卡氏小鼠（Mus caroli,18.03%）为优势鼠种,黑缘齿鼠为佛山市新增记录,卡氏小鼠为禅城区新增记录。4次调查总捕获率达13.28%±0.93%,12月的啮齿类捕获率显著低于4月;公园的总捕获率和啮齿类捕获率都比农区略高,而臭鼩捕获率比农区略低,但差异不显著。12月的物种丰富度和优势度指数最高,均匀度指数最低;4月的多样性指数最高,优势度指数最低;而10月的均匀度指数最高,物种...     

Using ecological networks to answer questions in global biogeography and ecology

Ecological networks have classically been studied at site and landscape scales, yet recent efforts have been made to collate these data into global repositories. This offers an opportunity to integrate and upscale knowledge about ecological interactions from local to global scales to gain enhanced insights from the mechanistic information provided by these data. By drawing on existing research investigating patterns in ecological interactions at continental to global scales, we show how data on ecological networks, collected at appropriate scales, can be used to generate an improved understanding of many aspects of ecology and biogeography—for example, species distribution modelling, restoration ecology and conservation. We argue that by understanding the patterns in the structure and function of ecological networks across scales, it is possible to enhance our understanding of the natural world.     

内蒙古高寒露天煤矿排土场植被恢复研究

探究不同恢复年限对于露天煤矿植被群落变化和植物个体生长的影响,进一步加强生态环境保护与生态修复治理措施。以内蒙古高寒露天煤矿排土场恢复4年(2018-2021年)的植物群落为研究对象,采用样方调查方法,对样地内植物群落进行调查,设置草本样方(1 m×1 m)和灌木样方(5 m×5 m),记录植物物种组成、高度及盖度等指标,计算Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpon指数、Pielou均匀度指数和物种重要值。探讨不同的恢复年限植物群落变化特征和优势植物的养分吸收,为矿区人工植被恢复提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)矿区排土场植物群落物种数、生物量和群落多样性均随着恢复年限的增加而显著增加。总物种数从恢复第1年的16种增加到恢复第4年的31种,主要是由于非人工种植植物从6种增加到19种导致,特别是在恢复第2年增加显著,然后趋于平稳,这说明恢复第2年是物种增加关键的时期;(2)随着恢复年限的增加,生物量和多样性指数显著增加;矿区植被优势物种多以禾本科披碱草(Elymus dahuricus)、无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis);豆科植物苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、草木樨(Melilotus officinalis)、沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens)、锦鸡儿(Caragana sinica);菊科植物大籽蒿(Artemisia sieversiana);十字花科油菜(Brassica napus)和胡颓子科沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)为主。(3)比较不同优势植物叶片、茎和根的氮(N)、磷(P)和钾(K)含量发现,草本优势种中菊科和豆科植物显著高于禾本科植物。灌木优势种中沙棘茎的N含量和P含量显著高于锦鸡儿。研究认为,在排土场植被恢复初期(4年)的物种选择上,豆科植物和菊科植物是草本植物首选的先锋物种,另外,沙棘是灌木首选的物种。     

山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和修复工程与景观生态学

我国山水林田湖草沙生命共同体及其保护和修复工程的理论研究和实践正逐渐开展,需要系统的学科理论支撑,景观生态学作为地理学和生态学的交叉科学,能够以其宏观空间理论和技术体系满足这一需求。本文将景观生态学作为山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和修复工程的支撑学科,首先,明确了山水林田湖草沙生命共同体是镶嵌的异质景观、具有景观的所有特征并遵循景观生态学原理;其次,阐述了景观生态建设理论如何应用于山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和修复工程的规划和评价;最后,总结景观生态建设研究的新趋势,提出待解决的理论和实践问题,并论述山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和修复工程如何为解决这些问题提供广阔的研究空间。景观生态学和山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和修复工程实践相结合,将为实现我国乃至全球生态、经济、社会可持续发展提供极为有效的途径。     

Prediction of habitat suitability,connectivity, and corridors in the future to conserve roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) as a locally endangered species in northern Iran

Roe deer is a protected species in Iran as its population and distribution in the country have considerably declined. Roe deer are threatened by several factors such as habitat fragmentation and road mortality, so studying their distribution and movement through the increasing habitat destruction and fragmentation is necessary. This will become increasingly important because climate change will transform the species’ future habitat and connectivity patterns. We evaluated the roe deer’s potential distribution range in northern Iran and, for the first time, developed connectivity models and designed corridors for the present and future to make better conservation plans. We collected 91 points indicating the presence of roe deer in the study region. After developing ensemble models using six species distribution algorithms, we defined high-ranked habitat cores using the concept of landscape suitability prioritization. From these, we designed connectivity and corridors in two time-frames with the help of least-cost paths and circuit theories to predict the potential movement throughout the study area. We estimated that the overall core habitats for roe deer in the present and future periods are, respectively, around 1200 km² and 2600 km², corresponding to 2 and 4 percent of the whole area. This suggests that the habitat core will expand in the future as a result of climate change. Similarly, the connectivity among the cores will strengthen. We also conclude that the temperature-driven and anthropogenic variables significantly affect the distribution of roe deer in northern Iran. It is necessary that conservationists and managers consider the designed corridors in the present study while planning conservation strategies.     

Use of Restored Small Wetlands by Breeding Waterfowl in Prince Edward Island, Canada

Abstract Since 1990 under the Eastern Habitat Joint Venture over 100 small wetlands have been restored in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Wetlands were restored by means of dredging accumulated sediment from erosion to emulate pre‐disturbance conditions (i.e., open water and extended hydroperiod). In 1998 and 1999 we compared waterfowl pair and brood use on 22 restored and 24 reference wetlands. More pairs and broods of Ring‐necked Ducks, Gadwall, Green‐winged Teal, and American Black Ducks used restored versus reference wetlands. In restored wetlands waterfowl pair density and species richness were positively correlated with wetland/cattail area, percent cattail cover, and close proximity to freshwater rivers. In addition, a waterfowl reproductive index was positively correlated with percent cattail cover. Green‐winged Teal pair occurrence in restored wetlands was positively correlated with greater amounts of open water and water depths. American Black Duck pairs occurred on most (86%) restored wetlands. Restored small wetlands likely served as stopover points for American Black Duck broods during overland or stream movements, whereas they likely served as a final brood‐rearing destination for Green‐winged Teal broods. We suggest that wetland restoration is a good management tool for increasing populations of Green‐winged Teal and American Black Ducks in Prince Edward Island.     

A Comparison of Remote Sensing and Ground-Based Methods for Monitoring Wetland Restoration Success

Abstract Efficient and accurate vegetation sampling techniques are essential for the assessment of wetland restoration success. Remotely acquired data, used extensively in many locations, have not been widely used to monitor restored wetlands. We compared three different vegetation sampling techniques to determine the accuracy associated with each method when used to determine species composition and cover in restored Pacific coast wetlands dominated by Salicornia virginica (perennial pickleweed). Two ground‐based techniques, using quadrat and line intercept sampling, and a remote sensing technique, using low altitude, high resolution, color and color infrared photographs, were applied to estimate cover in three small restoration sites. The remote technique provided an accurate and efficient means of sampling vegetation cover, but individual species could not be identified, precluding estimates of species density and distribution. Aerial photography was determined to be an effective tool for vegetation monitoring of simple (i.e., single‐species) habitat types or when species identities are not important (e.g., when vegetation is developing on a new restoration site). The efficiency associated with these vegetation sampling techniques was dependent on the scale of the assessment, with aerial photography more efficient than ground‐based sampling methods for assessing large areas. However, the inability of aerial photography to identify individual species, especially mixed‐species stands common in southern California salt marshes, limits its usefulness for monitoring restoration success. A combination of aerial photography and ground‐based methods may be the most effective means of monitoring the success of large wetland restoration projects.     

Measuring Success: Evaluating the Restoration of a Grassy Eucalypt Woodland on the Cumberland Plain, Sydney, Australia

Abstract We compared the floristic composition and structure of restoration areas of eucalypt woodland with untreated pasture (control) and remnant vegetation (reference) in western Sydney. The restored areas comprised over 1,000 ha of abandoned pasture, which had been treated to reduce weeds and planted with seedlings of 26 native plant species raised from seed obtained locally from remnant vegetation. Plantings were carried out 0–9 years ago. Floristic composition was measured in quadrats using frequency scores and cover abundance. As far as possible treatments and restoration ages were replicated across sites. Ordination and analyses of similarity failed to distinguish the composition of restored vegetation from that of untreated pasture, which were both significantly different from that of remnant vegetation. There was a weak compositional trend with age of restored vegetation, but this was not in the direction of increasing resemblance to remnant vegetation. There was some evidence for convergence in structural features of restored with remnant vegetation, but this was at least partly attributed to plant growth. Subject to constraints imposed by the sampling design, environmental factors, and spatial variation were discounted as explanations for the results. The results therefore suggest either failure of restoration treatments or a restoration trajectory that is too slow to detect within 10 years of establishment. Our conclusions agree with those of similar studies in other ecosystems and support: (1) the need to monitor restoration projects against ecological criteria with rigorous sampling designs and analytical methods, (2) further development of restoration methods, and (3) regulatory approaches that seek to prevent damage to ecosystems rather than those predicated on replacing losses with reconstructed ecosystems.     

Restoration of eutrophied shallow softwater lakes based upon carbon and phosphorus limitation

Plant communities from oligotrophic, poorly buffered waters are seriously threatened by both, acidification and eutrophication/alkalinization. Acidification is mainly caused by atmospheric deposition of acidifying substances while eutrophication is often the result of inlet of nutrient enriched, calcareous brook- or groundwater. The plant production in very soft waters is often limited by low levels of inorganic carbon, nitrogen and/or phosphorus. This paper deals with the possibilities for restoration of formerly oligotrophic but now eutrophied and alkalinized softwater systems. Restoration based upon nitrogen limitation is not likely to be successful as the atmospheric deposition of nitrogen in The Netherlands is very high. Phosphorus limitation can also be a problem. One can stop the input of phosphorus and remove the mud layer, but the problem remains that also the deeper mineral sandy sediments are saturated with phosphate. A possible remedy, however, is a combination of carbon- and phosphorus limitation. Many plants from eutrophic environments never occur in very soft waters, probably as a result of carbon limitation. In addition, mobilisation of phosphate is much lower in waters with very low bicarbonate levels. Restoration of a former oligotrophic softwater lake by reducing the inlet of calcareous surface water, in combination with removal of the organic sediment layer, appeared to be very successful. Many endangered plant species such asIsoetes echinospora, Luronium natans, Deschampsia setacea andEchinodorus repens developed spontaneously from the still viable seedbank.     

Molecular markers of nuclear restoration gene Rf1 in sunflower using bulked segregant analysis-RAPD

Restoration of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in sunflower was demonstrated to be controlled by polygenes by analysing 982 effective crosses among 109 self-crossed lines and 16 CMS lines. Two self-crossed lines and one CMS line with distinct genotypes were applied to creation of segregating populations for DNA bulks of the target gene Rfl. Bulked DNA was prepared in order to investigate single gene Rfl and its gene marker among polygenic characters at the same genetic background. Using 80 10-mer operon primers, 620 RAPD reactions were carried out between fertile and sterile DNA bulks. In about 800 loci, primary results showed that 8 were related to the restoration genes. Furthermore. 2 were confirmed as RAPD markers for gene Rfl by examining 9 maintenance and 7 restoration lines. This method is the improvement for bulked segregant analysis[1] with which markers of single gene of target can be identified rapidly among polygenic characters.