The potential role of miR-29 in health and cancer diagnosis,prognosis, and therapy

miR-29 family is one of the small noncoding RNAs and has a very important role in many physiologic and pathologic functions through regulating the target genes that play roles in various bioprocesses such as proliferation, survival, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Thus, we aim to survey the potential of the miR-29 family in normal model and development and progression of malignancy in this study. In addition, the potential role of miR-29 family has been studied as the clinical marker for the diagnosis and prognosis of many cancers as the potential targets to treat cancer. Moreover, it was stated in summary that the herbal compounds can regulate miR-29 family in cancers. Therefore, regulating the expression of the miR-29 family in a variety of cancers can be a new strategy to obtain better results from cancerous patients’ treatment in the future.     

Cone-beam CT-based inter-fraction localization errors for tumors in the pelvic region

PurposeTo evaluate inter-fraction tumor localization errors (TE) in the RapidArc® treatment of pelvic cancers based on CBCT. Appropriate CTV-to PTV margins in a non-IGRT scenario have been proposed.MethodsData of 928 patients with prostate, gynecological, and rectum/anal canal cancers were retrospectively analyzed to determine systematic and random localization errors. Two protocols were used: daily online IGRT (d-IGRT) and weekly IGRT. The latter consisted in acquiring a CBCT for the first 3 fractions and subsequently once a week. TE for patients who underwent d-IGRT protocol were calculated using either all CBCTs or the first 3.ResultsThe systematic (and random) TE in the AP, LL, and SI direction were: for prostate bed 2.7(3.2), 2.3(2.8) and 1.9(2.2) mm; for prostate 4.2(3.1), 2.9(2.8) and 2.3(2.2) mm; for gynecological 3.0(3.6), 2.4(2.7) and 2.3(2.5) mm; for rectum 2.8(2.8), 2.4(2.8) and 2.3(2.5) mm; for anal canal 3.1(3.3), 2.1(2.5) and 2.2(2.7) mm. CTV-to-PTV margins determined from all CBCTs were 14 mm in the AP, 10 mm in the LL and 9–9.5 mm in the SI directions for the prostate and the gynecological groups and 9.5–10.5 mm in AP, 9 mm in LL and 8–10 mm in the SI direction for the prostate bed and the rectum/anal canal groups. If assessed on the basis of the first 3 CBCTs, the calculated CTV-to-PTV margins were slightly larger.Conclusionswithout IGRT, large CTV-to-PTV margins up to 15 mm are required to account for inter-fraction tumor localization errors. Daily IGRT should be used for all hypo-fractionated treatments to reduce margins and avoid increased toxicity to critical organs.     

Discussion of Paper on “Brilliant-Green-Bile Media”

Abstract

Insulin-like growth factor II-messenger RNA-binding protein 3 (IMP3) is an oncofetal RNA-binding protein that promotes tumor cell proliferation by enhancing IGF-II protein synthesis and inducing cell adhesion and invasion by stabilizing CD44 mRNA. IMP3 expression has been studied in many human neoplasms with growing evidence that IMP3 is a biomarker of enhanced tumor aggressiveness. IMP3 expression has been correlated with a poorer phenotypic profile including increased risk of metastases and decreased survival. Only a few studies have examined IMP3 expression in lung cancers. We review here the literature concerning IMP3 expression in lung neoplasms, specifically adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and neuroendocrine tumors of the lung. IMP3 immunohistochemical expression was reported in 27-55% of cases of primary pulmonary adenocarcinoma and in 75-90% of cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. In adenocarcinoma, IMP3 expression was reported to be correlated with more poorly differentiated histological grade, advanced stage of disease and lymph node metastases. IMP3 expression also may be a marker of high grade pre-invasive squamous lesions including high grade dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. In neuroendocrine tumors of the lung, IMP3 expression was expressed in all reported cases of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma, but expression was limited in carcinoid tumors. Overall, IMP3 appears to be a useful diagnostic marker for lung cancer pathology including for discriminating high grade neuroendocrine tumors and low grade carcinoids and for identifying high grade pre-invasive squamous lesions.     

Hyperuricemia in Pediatric Malignancies Before Treatment

The objective of this study was to clarify the prevalence and characteristics of hyperuricemia in various pediatric malignancies before the initiation of treatment. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 119 children with various newly diagnosed malignancies between April 2000 and March 2010. On the basis of the reference values previously established in our laboratory, hyperuricemia was defined as uric acid (UA) levels above 2 standard deviations (s.d.) over the mean values at each age. Thirty-six patients (30.3%) showed hyperuricemia. Hyperuricemia was more common in male patients (36.8%) than in female patients (21.6%). The prevalence of hyperuricemia was highest in patients with lymphoma followed by those with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). When the study population was divided into hyperuricemia-negative and -positive populations, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and lactate dehydrogenase levels, and white blood cell counts (only in leukemia) were found to be significantly higher in the latter group by a univariate analysis. This study highlights useful information for identifying patients with malignancies at risk for tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) before starting chemotherapy.     

复发性妇科恶性肿瘤腹腔镜下病灶切除术^125I粒子植入后血清CA125水平变化及临床意义

目的：研究复发性妇科恶性肿瘤腹腔镜下病灶切除术^125I粒子植入后血清CA125水平变化及临床意义。方法：选取2012年4月-2013年4月来我院就诊的40例复发妇科恶性肿瘤患者,平均分为实验组和对照组,每组各20例。实验组20例行腹腔镜下切除病灶并进行^125I粒子植入治疗,对照组20例仅行腹腔镜切除病灶治疗。监测术后6个月内患者血清CA125的变化情况。结果：术后随访的6个月内,实验组的血清CA125水平明显降低,术后3个月降低至正常水平共有14例（75％）;术后随访的6个月内,对照组血清CA125水平降低后逐步升高,术后3个月降低至正常水平共有3例（15％）,两组比较有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;同时实验组的2a肿瘤生存率为20％,对照组为80％,两组比较有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：复发性妇科恶性肿瘤腹腔镜下病灶切除术125I粒子植入后血清CA125水平显著降低,该法是评估肿瘤治疗疗效的有效方法。     

鉴定肿瘤驱动基因的实验模型

人体肿瘤的形成是一个复杂的过程。在这个过程中会发生许多基因突变,这些突变中只有较少一部分具有驱动肿瘤发生的作用,大部分突变作为伴随性变化对肿瘤的发生并无明确的贡献。要确定哪些变异具有驱动肿瘤发生的作用及其作用机制,需要通过实验验证。伴随着新的研究技术的出现,鉴定肿瘤驱动基因的手段也不断演变。从早期主要是从动物诱癌实验、离体培养细胞恶性转化实验、免疫缺陷小鼠的人体细胞/组织/器官,以及免疫缺陷小鼠异种移植物恶性转化实验中筛选肿瘤相关基因变异,发展到以目的基因转染/敲除技术为基础的细胞恶性转化/动物致癌实验。近年来,上皮细胞条件重编程二维（2D）/三维（3D）培养技术和以组织干细胞/祖细胞为对象的类器官培养技术的出现,又为研究肿瘤驱动基因提供了新的手段。本文总结了现有鉴定肿瘤驱动基因模型的优缺点,以期为今后确定肿瘤驱动基因研究者提供参考。