基于农业生态服务价值的农业绿色GDP核算——以安塞县为例

将传统GDP绿色化,也就是“绿色GDP”是国民经济核算研究和探索的热点。从微观层面对农业生产进行绿色GDP核算,认为农业绿色GDP不仅包含传统的产品价值,还应包括农业对人类社会经济系统的生态服务价值,并以基于生态系统服务价值的“农业绿色GDP=农业常规GDP＋农业生态GDP”的公式核算了安塞县的绿色GDP。结果表明：（1）安塞县2000年的农业生产总值为29187万元,减去中间消耗为18972万元;（2）若考虑农业生态环境代价,则农业生产产值仅为6272．30万元,是农业常规GDP的33．06％,农业常规GDP背后至少隐含着66．94％的农业生态环境代价;（3）应用市场价值法、机会成本法、替代工程法、影子价格法等核算农业生态系统服务价值结果为504218．37万元,把农业生态系统服务价值作为农业系统的间接产出,则该县2000年的农业绿色GDP为510490．67万元。安塞县农业经济的获得背后至少有66．94％生态环境代价是依靠其农业生态系统的服务来提供和补偿的。     

Catalysis: A key technology for a green approach to pharmaceutical production

Catalysis is the key technology for the development of green processes for the industrial production of active pharmaceutical ingredients. The design of green, efficient and cost competitive industrial process of idarubicin, erlotinib and ivermectin shows the central role of catalysis.

---

Riassunto   La catalisi: tecnologia fondamentale per it design di processi industriali a basso impatto ambientale nell'industria farmaceutica. La catalisi è la tecnologia fondamentale per lo sviluppo di processi industriali ?green?, efficienti e a basso costo per la produzione di idarubicina, erlotinib e ivermectina, dimostra il ruolo centrale dei processi catalitici.

     

The rare Chrysopidae (Neuroptera) of southwestern Europe

Quantitative surveys of the chrysopid fauna from southwestern Europe, namely the Iberian and Italian peninsulas, France south of 46° N, and the west-Mediterranean Islands, were analysed. A total of 56 species of Chrysopidae were reported, of which three species were abundant. These, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens, 1836) sensu lato, Dichochrysa prasina (Burmeister, 1839) and D. flavifrons (Brauer, 1850), comprised a large percentage of the specimens. For the rarer species, comments are made on their distributions, the enhanced geographic range of exotic ones, and on levels of endemism and stenotopy.     

Renal clearance of absorbed intact GFP in the frog and rat intestine

Intestine absorption of intact green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its following accumulation in the renal proximal tubule cells after its intragastric administration have been established by confocal microscopy in the rat and frog. Reabsorbed GFP was revealed in the endosomes and lysosomes of the proximal tubule cells by the methods of GFP photooxidation and immunofluorescent microscopy. The GFP intestine absorption rate and GFP accumulation in the kidney were significantly higher in the frog than in the rat. No specific fluorescence was revealed in the liver and colon cells after the GFP intragastric administration. The data obtained indicate the ability of the small intestine in the frog and rat to absorb intact proteins and an important role of the kidney in exogenous protein metabolism.     

Effects of folate cycle disruption by the green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate

We demonstrate that the tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, is an efficient inhibitor of human dihydrofolate reductase. Like other antifolate compounds, epigallocatechin-3-gallate acts by disturbing folic acid metabolism in cells, causing the inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis and altering DNA methylation. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate was seen to inhibit the growth of a human colon carcinoma cell line in a concentration and time dependent manner. Rescue experiments using leucovorin and hypoxanthine–thymine medium were the first indication that epigallocatechin-3-gallate could disturb the folate metabolism within cells. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate increased the uptake of [³H]-thymidine and showed synergy with 5-fluorouracil, while its inhibitory action was strengthened after treatment with hypoxanthine, which indicates that epigallocatechin-3-gallate decreases the cellular production of nucleotides, thus, disturbing DNA and RNA synthesis. In addition to its effects on nucleotide biosynthesis, antifolate treatment has been linked to a decrease in cellular methylation. Here, we observed that epigallocatechin-3-gallate altered the p16 methylation pattern from methylated to unmethylated as a result of folic acid deprivation. Finally, we demonstrate that epigallocatechin-3-gallate causes adenosine to be released from the cells because it disrupts the purine metabolism. By binding to its specific receptors, adenosine can modulate different signalling pathways. This proposed mechanism should help us to understand most of the molecular and cellular effects described for this tea polyphenol.     

The usefulness of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">gfp</Emphasis> reporter gene for monitoring <Emphasis Type="Italic">Agrobacterium</Emphasis>-mediated transformation of potato dihaploid and tetraploid genotypes

Potato is one of the main targets for genetic improvement by gene transfer. The aim of the present study was to establish a robust protocol for the genetic transformation of three dihaploid and four economically important cultivars of potato using Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying the in vivo screenable reporter gene for green fluorescent protein (gfp) and the marker gene for neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII). Stem and leaf explants were used for transformation by Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 carrying the binary vector pHB2892. Kanamycin selection, visual screening of GFP by epifluorescent microscopy, PCR amplification of nptII and gfp genes, as well as RT-PCR and Southern blotting of gfp and Northern blotting of nptII, were used for transgenic plant selection, identification and analysis. Genetic transformation was optimized for the best performing genotypes with a mean number of shoots expressing gfp per explant of 13 and 2 (dihaploid line 178/10 and cv. ‘Baltica’, respectively). The nptII marker and gfp reporter genes permitted selection and excellent visual screening of transgenic tissues and plants. They also revealed the effects of antibiotic selection on organogenesis and transformation frequency, and the identification of escapes and chimeras in all potato genotypes. Silencing of the gfp transgene that may represent site-specific inactivation during cell differentiation, occurred in some transgenic shoots of tetraploid cultivars and in specific chimeric clones of the dihaploid line 178/10. The regeneration of escapes could be attributed to either the protection of non-transformed cells by neighbouring transgenic cells, or the persistence of Agrobacterium cells in plant tissues after co-cultivation.     

华西雨屏区植被恢复对紫色土酸化的影响

退耕还林是控制水土流失、恢复森林植被和改善生态环境的重要举措。植被恢复进程中会发生土壤酸化,进而影响植物生长,厘清不同还林树种对土壤酸化的影响程度及作用机制有助于更好地评估退耕还林工程的整体生态效益。以华西雨屏区紫色土坡耕地(玉米)为对照,分析了退耕20a后柳杉纯林、柳杉-光皮桦混交林、慈竹林和茶园土壤pH的变化及其垂直分异。结果表明：玉米地、慈竹林、茶园、混交林和柳杉纯林0—50 cm土壤pH平均值分别为5.66、5.55、5.12、5.03和5.00,相较于玉米地,柳杉纯林、混交林和茶园土壤pH值显著下降(P<0.01),土壤酸化严重。相较于玉米地土壤pH值的均匀分布,植被恢复不同类型人工林pH值随土壤深度的增加而增加,10—50 cm土壤pH值(4.89—5.90)显著高于0—10 cm土壤pH值(4.72—5.21)(P<0.01),表层土壤酸化最明显。土壤pH值与土壤有机质含量呈极显著负相关,而与风化指数Na/K比值呈显著正相关,有机质含量和Na/K比值共同解释了土壤pH值变化的53.9%,表明植被恢复引起的土壤有机质积累与长石类矿物风化是驱动紫色土酸化的重要过程...     

Application of fuzzy VIKOR for evaluation of green supply chain management practices

Environmentally sustainable activities have received an increasing interest among the firms to improve their practices in the supply chain. Although environmental regulations force firms consider these issues, but, green issues are new, evolving every day, and requires a continuous study in the field to gain a complete understanding of the problems. In this study, we illustrate the case of a laptop manufacturer in Malaysia that pursues to evaluate green supply chain management (GSCM) indicators among its practitioners. This paper develops a quantitative evaluation model to measure the uncertainty of GSCM activities and applies an approach based on Vlsekriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) method which is an extension of intuitionistic fuzzy environment aiming to solve the green multi-criteria decision making (GMCDM) problem. The triangular fuzzy numbers (TFNs) were used to handle imprecise numerical quantities. Then, a hierarchical multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) model was proposed based on fuzzy sets theory and VIKOR method to deal with the problem. The results show the alternative ranks of the four evaluated companies which was based on their performance in GSCM initiatives. The results also indicated that the main criteria of the research ranked as follows respectively: eco-design, green production, green purchasing, green recycling, green transportation and green warehousing. Finally, a comparative analysis of results by fuzzy VIKOR is presented. Additionally the scope for future studies is provided at the end of the paper.     

Production of hydrocarbon compounds by endophytic fungi Gliocladium species grown on cellulose

Endophytic fungi belonging to the genus Gliocladium are able to degrade plant cellulose and synthesize complex hydrocarbons under microaerophilic conditions. These fungi could thus be used to produce biofuels from cellulosics without the need for hydrolytic pretreatments. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-solid-phase micro-extraction (GC-MS-SPME) of head space gases from Gliocladium cultures demonstrated the production of C(6)-C(19) hydrocarbons including hexane, benzene, heptane, 3,4-dimethyl hexane, 1-octene, m-xylene, 3-methyl nonane, dodecane, tridecane, hexadecane and nonadecane directly from the cellulosic biomass. Hydrocarbon production was 100-fold higher in co-cultures of Gliocladium and Escherichia coli than in pure Gliocladium cultures. The dry mycelia weight is stable at stationary period in co-culture condition which may lead to synthesize more hydrocarbons. These fungi could potentially be developed into cost-effective biocatalysts for production of biofuels.     

Microwave-assisted Nile red method for in vivo quantification of neutral lipids in microalgae

In vivo determination of neutral lipids with Nile red fluorescence has been used as a rapid screening method for certain types of microalgae, but has been unsuccessful in others, particularly those with thick, rigid cell walls that prevent penetration of the fluorescence dye into the cell. To solve the problem, a microwave-assisted Nile red staining method for microalgal lipid determination was developed. In a two-step staining protocol, 50 and 60 s were selected as the optimal microwave times for the pretreatment and staining process, respectively. Moreover, several calibration methods for quantitative analysis of neutral lipids in microalgae were investigated and compared with conventional gravimetric methods. Factors that affected the in vivo quantification of cellular neutral lipids were also investigated. Application of the new method for detection and quantification of neutral lipids in a number of green microalgae was demonstrated.