The effect of reserpine on the pars intermedia of the rat pituitary

Summary Reserpine has a stimulatory effect on the pars intermedia of the rat pituitary, probably mediated by its action on regulatory catecholaminergic nerves. The effect of single intraperitoneal injections of 0.1–20 mg/kg b.w. of reserpine was studied in adult male rats. Reserpine at a dose of 2 mg/kg b.w. induced degranulation, orientation of the secretory granules along the cell membrane and loss of formaldehyde-chloral-induced fluorescence, accompanied by an activation of the granular endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. With higher doses progressive degranulation and loss of fluorescence were observed. The effect was, however, heterogeneous, and with all doses cells displaying normal ultrastructure and normal fluorescence were regularly present.To study the release of granular products (containing a different components of the pro-opiomelanocortin chain) from individual cells, formaldehyde-chloral induced fluorescence and -MSH- and -endorphin immunoreactivies were demonstrated in consecutive sections from pituitaries of rats given 8 mg/kg body weight of reserpine 24 h before sacrifice. The results indicate coordinated release of these granular products at the cellular level after reserpine treatment.This work was supported by Finska Läkaresällskapet     

Secretory granules of prolactin cells of neonatally thyroidectomized female rats

In the anterior pituitary glands of neonatally thyroidectomized female rats sacrificed at 30 days of age, the prolactin granules were small and spherical in shape. The administration of thyroxine to neonatally thyroidectomized rats produced an obvious increase in the number and size of secretory granules in prolactin cells; comparatively large, pleomorphic secretory granules were frequently observed in these cells. These enlarged and pleomorphic granules closely resembled those observed in the prolactin cells of sham-operated control rats. These results may indicate that thyroxine stimulates the basic metabolism or cellular function of prolactin cells of neonatally thyroidectomized rats and leads to the formation of prolactin granules that are similar to those of sham-operated control rats.     

Spatial-Temporal Lineage Restrictions of Embryonic p63+ Progenitors Establish Distinct Stem Cell Pools in Adult Airways

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The symmetry of competitive interactions in mixed Norway spruce,silver fir and European beech forests

Questions

We aim for a better understanding of the different modes of intra‐ and inter‐specific competition in two‐ and three‐species mixed‐forests. How can the effect of different modes of competitive interactions be detected and integrated into individual tree growth models? Are species interactions in spruce–fir–beech forests more associated with size‐symmetric or size‐asymmetric competition? Do competitive interactions between two of these species change from two‐ to three‐species mixtures?

Location

Temperate mixed‐species forests in Central Europe (Switzerland).

Methods

We used data from the Swiss National Forest Inventory to fit basal area increment models at the individual tree level, including the effect of ecological site conditions and indices of size‐symmetric and size‐asymmetric competition. Interaction terms between species‐specific competition indices were used to disentangle significant differences in species interactions from two‐ to three‐species mixtures.

Results

The growth of spruce and fir was positively affected by increasing proportions of the other species in spruce–fir mixtures, but negative effects were detected with increasing presence of beech. We found that competitive interactions for spruce and fir were more related to size‐symmetric competition, indicating that species interactions might be more associated with competition for below‐ground resources. Under constant amounts of stand basal area, the growth of beech clearly benefited from the increasing admixture of spruce and fir. For this species, patterns of size‐symmetric and size‐asymmetric competitive interactions were similar, indicating that beech is a strong self‐competitor for both above‐ground and below‐ground resources. Only for silver fir and beech, we found significant changes in species interactions from two‐ to three‐species mixtures, but these were not as prominent as the effects due to differences between intra‐ and inter‐specific competition.

Conclusions

Species interactions in spruce–fir–beech, or other mixed forests, can be characterized depending on the mode of competition, allowing interpretations of whether they occur mainly above or below ground level. Our outcomes illustrate that species‐specific competition indices can be integrated in individual tree growth functions to express the different modes of competition between species, and highlight the importance of considering the symmetry of competition alongside competitive interactions in models aimed at depicting growth in mixed‐species forests.

     

Histopathological indices and inflammatory response in the digestive gland of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis as biomarker of immunotoxicity to silver nanoparticles

Background: Histopathological assessments approaches in bivalves have become an important tool in environmental toxicology. This study seeks to develop a quantitative histopathological index (Ih) and inflammation score as biomarkers in the aim to assess the health status of nanoparticles exposed mussels.

Methods: Digestive gland hematoxylin and eosin (H&;E) stained sections from Mytilus galloprovincialis were assessed after in vivo exposure (for 3, 6 and 12?h) to silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs?Results: Silver nanoparticles clearly induced histopathological alterations in digestive gland (maximum inflammation 2.75 with AgNP?p?Ih with AgNP?p?Ih were recorded after uptake routes were blockade: AgNP?p?Conclusions: Histopathological assessments showed to be promising tool in nanotoxicity which seems to depend on nanoparticles size, exposure time and interestingly to uptake routes. It was not clear: is it the length of exposure or the size of particles is more impactful.     

Nesfatin-1及MCH对大鼠胃酸分泌和胃运动的影响

目的:本实验主要探究nesfatin-1对胃运动和胃酸分泌的影响,以及弓状核(ARC)-下丘脑外侧区(LHA)nesfatin-1神经通路在该过程中的作用。方法:采用逆行追踪和免疫组织化学染色实验观察ARC-LHA nesfatin-1神经通路的构成;在体胃运动实验观察nesfatin-1对胃运动的影响以电刺激ARC对胃运动的影响;采用幽门结扎法测量胃液和胃酸分泌量。结果:LHA微量注射nesfatin-1抑制胃运动和胃酸分泌,但是预先注射黑色素浓集激素(MCH)受体拮抗剂PMC-3881-PI减弱nesfatin-1对胃运动和胃酸分泌的抑制作用。电刺激ARC后,胃收缩幅度和频率显著增强,胃酸分泌明显增多。nesfatin-1抗体或PMC-3881-PI对电刺激ARC诱导的胃运动没有显著影响,但是能够改变电刺激ARC诱导的胃酸分泌。结论:ARC-LHA间nesfafin-1通路可调控大鼠胃运动和胃酸分泌,并且黑色素浓集激素也参与调节该过程。     

艾司美拉唑治疗胃溃疡患者成本效果的影响因素分析

目的:分析艾司美拉唑治疗胃溃疡患者成本效果的影响因素。方法:回顾性分析2014年9月-2018年1月我院诊治的胃溃疡患者220例的临床病例资料,根据治疗药物的不同分为观察组120例与对照组100例,对照组给予奥美拉唑+克拉霉素+阿莫西林治疗,观察组给予艾司美拉唑+克拉霉素+阿莫西林,两组均持续治疗观察2周,对比两组治疗成本、治疗效果、不良反应的发生情况和成本效果,以及影响艾司美拉唑治疗胃溃疡患者成本效果的因素。结果:观察组与对照组患者完成治疗周期的成本费用分别为567.14±48.23元、551.49±45.61元,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组与对照组的治疗总有效率分别为95.83%(115/120)和82.00%(82/100),观察组显著高于对照组(P0.05)。观察组与对照组治疗期间的腹胀、便秘、恶心、口腔异味等不良反应发生率为8.33%(10/120)和11.00%(11/100),对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组C/E与ΔC/E值均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示病程、溃疡直径、不良反应为影响艾司美拉唑治疗胃溃疡成本效果的主要因素(P0.05)。结论:艾司美拉唑治疗胃溃疡患者成本效果好,且不会增加不良反应的发生,病程、溃疡直径、不良反应为影响成本效果的主要因素。     

胃癌患者外周血调节性T细胞水平与免疫抑制状态及病理特征的关系研究

目的:探讨胃癌患者外周血中CD4~+CD25~+调节性T细胞(Treg)水平与免疫抑制状态和病理特征的关系。方法:选择2016年1月至2017年6月我院收治的胃癌患者73例作为胃癌组,另选同期在本院进行体格检查的健康者41例作为对照组,采用流式细胞仪检测其外周血中CD4~+CD25~+Treg水平,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测血清γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、白细胞介素-4(IL-4)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)水平,分析CD4~+CD25~+Treg水平与IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-4和IL-10的相关性及与病理特征的关系。结果:胃癌组CD4~+CD25~+Treg比例、IL-4和IL-10水平为(19.43±4.36)%、(9.76±2.41)pg/mL和(22.18±5.26)pg/mL,高于对照组的(10.34±2.16)%、(7.16±2.07)pg/mL和(9.52±3.47)pg/mL,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);胃癌组IFN-γ和IL-2水平为(6.87±2.24)pg/mL和(2.43±0.54)pg/mL,低于对照组的(13.86±3.18)pg/mL和(12.79±2.16)pg/mL,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。CD4~+CD25~+Treg比例与IFN-γ和IL-2呈负相关关系(P0.05),与IL-4和IL-10呈正相关关系(P0.05)。CD4~+CD25~+Treg比例与胃癌患者的TNM分期、淋巴结转移有关(P0.05),与病理类型、肿瘤直径、分化程度和肿瘤位置无关(P0.05)。结论:胃癌患者外周血Treg水平增高,与免疫状态有明显的相关性,其参与了肿瘤的发生与发展过程。