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81.
STEFAN SLOVIK 《Global Change Biology》1996,2(5):459-477
Field data on the sulphur and cation budget of growing Norway spruce canopies (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) are summarized. They are used to test a spruce decline model capable of quantifying effects of chronic SO2 pollution on spruce forests. At ambient SO2 concentrations, acute SO2 damage is rare, but exposure to polluted air produces reversible thinning of the canopy structure with a half-time of a few years. Canopy thinning in the spruce decline model is highest (i) at elevated SO2 pollution, (ii) in the mountains, (iii) at unfertilized sites with poor K+, Mg2+ or Zn2+ supply, (iv) at low spruce litter decomposition rates, and (v) acidic, shallow soils at high annual precipitation rates in the field and vice versa. Model application using field data from Würzburg (moderate SO2 pollution, alkaline soils, no spruce decline) and from the Erzgebirge (extreme SO2 pollution, acidic soils in the mountains, massive spruce decline) predicts canopy thinning by 2–11% in Würzburg and by 45–70% in the Erzgebirge. The model also predicts different SO2-tolerance limits for Norway spruce depending on the site elevation and on the nutritional status of the needles. If needle loss of more than 25% (damage class 2) is taken to indicate ‘real damage’ exceeding natural variances, then for optimum soil conditions SO2 tolerance limits range from (27.3 ± 7.4) μg m?3 to (62.6 ± 16.5) μg m?3. For shallow and acidic soils, SO2 tolerance limits range from (22.0 ± 5.5) μg m?3 to (37.4 ± 7.5) μ m?3. These tolerance limits, which are calculated on an ecophysiological data basis for Norway spruce are close to epidemiological SO2-toIerance limits as recommended by the IUFRO, UN-ECE and WHO. The observed statistical regression slope of the plot (damaged spruce trees vs. SO2-pollution) in west Germany is confirmed by modelling (6% error). Model application to other forest trees allows deduction of the observed sequence of SO2-sensitivity: Abies > Picea > Pinus > Fagus > Quercus. Thus, acute phytotoxicity of SO2 seems not to be involved in ‘forest decline’. Chronic SO2-pollution induces massive canopy thinning of Abies alba and Picea abies only at unfavourable sites, where natural stress factors and secondary effects of SO2pollution act together to produce tree decline. 相似文献
82.
圈养林麝母幼关系的初步研究 总被引:8,自引:2,他引:6
本文研究圈养林麝(Moschusmoshiferusberezovskii)的母幼关系。林麝的母幼关系属于典型的隐蔽者(hider)类型。母幼分开躺卧,相距20.37±11.06m。吮乳时间、母幼联系时间、母幼联系时间/幼麝活动总时间随周龄的增加均呈明显的下降。4周龄前,幼麝躺卧居多,母麝以叫声主动联系幼麝,5周龄开始幼麝独立程度逐渐提高。听觉和视觉通讯是母幼远距离通讯的主要方式。 相似文献
83.
Alexander Christmann Jacqueline Christmann Petra Schiller Burkhard Frenzel 《Trees - Structure and Function》1996,10(5):331-338
Levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) were determined in needles from silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) trees in the northern Black Forest. IAA was quantified by gas chromatography (GC) as 1-heptafluorobutyryl-IAA-methylester
(HFB-IAA-ME) using electron capture detection. Prior to GC analysis, extensive purification of needle extracts was performed
employing two HPLC steps. Peak identity of HFB-IAA-ME was confirmed by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in selected
samples. Levels of IAA in needles belonging to different needle age-classes exhibited a cyclic seasonal pattern with highest
concentrations in winter and lowest levels in spring when bud-break occurred. Such a cyclic seasonal pattern of IAA levels
was also observed in needles from declining fir trees or fir trees suffering from a strong sulfur impact (S-impact) in the
field due to a local SO2 source. Levels of IAA increased with increasing needle age. This age dependency of IAA concentrations was most pronounced
in late autumn when IAA levels were high and nearly disappeared in spring when IAA levels reached their minimum. In needles
from declining fir trees or fir trees suffering from a strong S-impact in the field, IAA levels hardly increased with increasing
needle age. It is suggested that in healthy trees high levels of IAA protect older needles from abscission and that the considerable
losses of older needles of declining fir trees or of fir trees under S-impact are a consequence of the low levels of IAA found
in older needles of such trees.
Received: 4 May 1995 / Accepted: 29 August 1995 相似文献
84.
85.
生态因子对森林生态系统稳定性影响的数学分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文在对河南省森林生态类型划分的基础上,应用主成分分析、模糊聚类和遂步判别分析的方法,对森林生态系统的稳定性进行了研究,结果表明:影响森林生态系统稳定性的因子主要有6个,即:森林覆被率、人口密度、土壤侵蚀模数、大风日数、降水集中率和地形;河南省森林生态系统按其稳定程度可分为5个等级;应用逐步判别分析是建立稳定性判别模式的较好方法。 相似文献
86.
87.
Abstract. A vegetation map at scale 1:5 million is presented. * * Attached on the inside of this issue's back cover.
It covers Bangladesh, Burma (Myanmar), India, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam and Sri Lanka and fills a conspicuous gap in the cartography of tropical vegetation, following the publication of vegetation maps of South America, Africa and Malaysia. For conformity, it is presented as one sheet at a scale of 1:5 million. It uses the basic map of the American Geographical Society (1942; bipolar oblique conformal projection) which forms the base for FAO's Soil map of the world. Basic information was obtained from many published maps, unpublished observations and satellite data. The limits of the main vegetation types have been updated with a complete set of Landsat MSS images (369 scenes) with a mosaic of Landsat TM data for 1991 and with recent forest maps from Asia. Nine main vegetation units, which are groups of forest formations, have been identified and mapped, including woodlands, thickets and wooded savannas. Agricultural land has been shown in a uniform pale green colour in order to clearly express the extent of human impacts on woody vegetation. In spite of the necessary oversimplification of the ground data, this map is probably the most explicit expression of the remaining forest stands and of the regression of natural vegetation in the region. It can be considered as a benchmark for future monitoring of tropical vegetation. 相似文献
It covers Bangladesh, Burma (Myanmar), India, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam and Sri Lanka and fills a conspicuous gap in the cartography of tropical vegetation, following the publication of vegetation maps of South America, Africa and Malaysia. For conformity, it is presented as one sheet at a scale of 1:5 million. It uses the basic map of the American Geographical Society (1942; bipolar oblique conformal projection) which forms the base for FAO's Soil map of the world. Basic information was obtained from many published maps, unpublished observations and satellite data. The limits of the main vegetation types have been updated with a complete set of Landsat MSS images (369 scenes) with a mosaic of Landsat TM data for 1991 and with recent forest maps from Asia. Nine main vegetation units, which are groups of forest formations, have been identified and mapped, including woodlands, thickets and wooded savannas. Agricultural land has been shown in a uniform pale green colour in order to clearly express the extent of human impacts on woody vegetation. In spite of the necessary oversimplification of the ground data, this map is probably the most explicit expression of the remaining forest stands and of the regression of natural vegetation in the region. It can be considered as a benchmark for future monitoring of tropical vegetation. 相似文献
88.
Abstract. This study includes 24 transects on slopes of the Velebit, Biokovo and Orjen mountains, the tallest coastal mountains along the Adriatic Sea, with a very high species richness according to European standards and having the largest regional concentrations of endemics. Within each transect the presence or absence of phytosociological alliances, according to the Zürich-Montpellier School, was interpreted from local studies. The alliance composition of the transects was compared with methods used in numerical syntaxonomy. Three types of vegetation complexes (N. Dinaric inland, transitional and S. Dinaric coastal) were derived from a numerical classification of the transects; they were defined on the basis of their characteristic alliances. The maritime impact affecting the mountains through the river canyons reduces the contrast in vegetation between inland and coastal slopes. The existence of a climatic macrogradient is indicated by seriation of the basic alliance/transect data matrix leading to a diagonal structure, by a gradual shift of the alliance composition within the same vegetational type, and by the distribution of the transects and alliances along the first axis of a Correspondence Analysis ordination. Transect scores on the second ordination axis are negatively correlated with transect vegetational diversity (number of alliances per transect); this axis may reflect a decrease in humidity and temperature range. This interpretation is supported by the result of a comparison of the total mountain vegetational diversity (Mann-Whitney test), which showed that Orjen is the most diverse mountain ridge. The expected correlation between plant community diversity and altitude of the transects is blurred, probably due to the impact of the cold Bora wind and subsequent compression of vegetational zones. 相似文献
89.
A five year study was conducted in a 100–120 year old even-aged sugar maple stand in southern Quebec (46°07N 73° 56W; 305 m altitude) to explore the effect of different fertilization formulations aimed at 1) correcting the most common nutrient deficiencies observed in declining maple stands (K and Mg), 2) decreasing soil acidity, and 3) simulating enrichment with atmospheric N. Seven fertilizer mixtures were applied in the spring of 1987: 400 kg ha-1 of K2SO4, CaCO3, CaMg(CO3)2, (NH4)2SO4, complete fertilizer (Maplegro) and 800 kg ha-1 of an equal mixture of K2SO4+CaCO3 or K2SO4+CaMg(CO3)2. The site was divided into twenty-four 25×25 m plots and treatments including control were replicated three times. Leaves and soils (organic and mineral) were sampled in 1987, 1988 and 1991. Trees were cored at 1.2 m to measure their response in diameter growth. The application of K2SO4+CaMg(CO3)2 was the only treatment that significantly increased (+13%) the average growth rate over the five year period after fertilization. The application of (NH4)2SO4, Maplegro, CaMg(CO3)2 and K2SO4 reduced growth relative to the control for the five year period by 29, 24, 20 and 12 %, respectively. Positive and negative effects on growth can be explained mainly in terms of changes in leaf K. Both the application of Maplegro and (NH4)2SO4 increased soil P availability. Overall, the rate of growth showed a cubic pattern of change over the 5 year period with peaks in 1988 and 1991. Trees in control plots went from a limiting foliar status of Ca and Mg, and surplus N in 1987 to a surplus of Ca and Mg, and lower N concentration in 1991. Our results suggest that nutrient deficiencies observed at our site were associated with a disturbance of the biogeochemical cycle of nutrients rather than soil nutrient depletion.Abbreviations BS
base saturation
- CEC
cation exchange capacity
- DRIS
diagnosis and recommendation integrated system 相似文献
90.
Fishing spots and sea tenure: Incipient forms of local management in Atlantic forest coastal communities 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Alpina Begossi 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》1995,23(3):387-406
Recent work has dealt with the local management of aquatic resources as an alternative to Hardin's (1968) tragedy of the commons. In communities with no formal management of resources, informal ownership of fishing spots or conflicts with outside competitors may determine the basis for future local management. In this study, I analyze the use of aquatic resources by five fishing communities on the Atlantic Forest coast of southeast Brazil: Búzios Island, Puruba, and Picinguaba in São Paulo State, and Jaguanum and Itacuruçá Islands at Sepetiba Bay in Rio de Janeiro State. Informal ownership of fishing spots, used for set gillnet fishing, is regulated by kin ties at Búzios Island. The artisanal fishers of Sepetiba Bay, especially those from Jaguanum Island, have a conflict with Bay intruders, such as the shrimp and herring trawlers. Two coastal communities, Puruba and Picinguaba, have conflicts with fishing regulations from a State Park (Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar),created in 1977. The transformation of populated areas of the Atlantic Forest to Extractive Reserves might be a way to avoid conflicts with intruders and with governmental agencies, and to involve local populations in management. Kinship rules at Búzios Island and the territorial behavior of fishers at Sepetiba Bay may form a basis for local organization. 相似文献