全文获取类型
收费全文 | 348篇 |
免费 | 26篇 |
国内免费 | 7篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 1篇 |
2022年 | 9篇 |
2021年 | 9篇 |
2020年 | 12篇 |
2019年 | 8篇 |
2018年 | 15篇 |
2017年 | 12篇 |
2016年 | 7篇 |
2015年 | 11篇 |
2014年 | 17篇 |
2013年 | 26篇 |
2012年 | 8篇 |
2011年 | 14篇 |
2010年 | 17篇 |
2009年 | 18篇 |
2008年 | 19篇 |
2007年 | 13篇 |
2006年 | 12篇 |
2005年 | 12篇 |
2004年 | 18篇 |
2003年 | 4篇 |
2002年 | 14篇 |
2001年 | 8篇 |
2000年 | 9篇 |
1999年 | 9篇 |
1998年 | 7篇 |
1997年 | 4篇 |
1996年 | 5篇 |
1995年 | 4篇 |
1994年 | 2篇 |
1993年 | 6篇 |
1992年 | 4篇 |
1991年 | 3篇 |
1990年 | 2篇 |
1989年 | 5篇 |
1988年 | 3篇 |
1987年 | 8篇 |
1986年 | 4篇 |
1985年 | 3篇 |
1984年 | 2篇 |
1982年 | 3篇 |
1981年 | 2篇 |
1980年 | 3篇 |
1979年 | 2篇 |
1978年 | 1篇 |
1977年 | 3篇 |
1973年 | 1篇 |
1971年 | 1篇 |
1970年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有381条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
21.
Phenotypic selection in hawkmoth-pollinated Platanthera bifolia: targets and fitness surfaces 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Maad J 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2000,54(1):112-123
Abstract.— The present study explored phenotypic selection on phenological and morphological reproductive traits in hawkmoth-pollinated Platanthera bifolia (Orchidaceae), a Eurasian perennial herb displaying bisexual, long-spurred flowers. The work was carried out during three flowering seasons (1993–1995) in a Swedish population. Fitness was estimated as the number of pollinia removed (male fitness) and fruits produced (female fitness). Targets and patterns of selection were compared between years and sex functions by the use of multiple linear regression (including correlational selection estimates, i.e., of combination of traits), analysis of covariance, and projection pursuit regression (PPR). Results from the nonparametric surface-fitting-method PPR showed that selection was mostly linear, thus justifying the use of the parametric methods. In all study years, male and female fitness were highest in plants with many flowers. This reflects that flower number sets an upper limit to fitness and that a large inflorescence attracts more pollinators. In 1994, the summer was dry and the average spur length of P. bifolia was shorter than in the other years. In this year, male and female fitness were positively related to spur length, apparently because the spur of short-spurred plants was somewhat too short relative to the tongue length of the local pollinator for optimal pollen export and import. Additionally, the dry weather in 1994 caused a tendency for correlational selection, which was not found in the other years of study. Among small individuals (apparently more sensitive to drought than large ones), early-flowering plants had higher male and female fitness. The results show that patterns of selection may vary both between years and between sex functions in perennial hermaphroditic plants. The present study is one of the first to consider correlational selection in plants, which probably is of common occurrence and deserves to be investigated more. 相似文献
22.
Given the diversity of vertebral morphologies among fishes, it is tempting to propose causal links between axial morphology and body curvature. We propose that shape and size of the vertebrae, intervertebral joints, and the body will more accurately predict differences in body curvature during swimming rather than a single meristic such as total vertebral number alone. We examined the correlation between morphological features and maximum body curvature seen during routine turns in five species of shark: Triakis semifasciata, Heterodontus francisci, Chiloscyllium plagiosum, Chiloscyllium punctatum, and Hemiscyllium ocellatum. We quantified overall body curvature using three different metrics. From a separate group of size‐matched individuals, we measured 16 morphological features from precaudal vertebrae and the body. As predicted, a larger pool of morphological features yielded a more robust prediction of maximal body curvature than vertebral number alone. Stepwise linear regression showed that up to 11 features were significant predictors of the three measures of body curvature, yielding highly significant multiple regressions with r2 values of 0.523, 0.537, and 0.584. The second moment of area of the centrum was always the best predictor, followed by either centrum length or transverse height. Ranking as the fifth most important variable in three different models, the body's total length, fineness ratio, and width were the most important non‐vertebral morphologies. Without considering the effects of muscle activity, these correlations suggest a dominant role for the vertebral column in providing the passive mechanical properties of the body that control, in part, body curvature during swimming. J. Morphol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
23.
Michael A. Berthaume 《American journal of physical anthropology》2014,153(2):226-235
Mammalian molars have undergone heavy scrutiny to determine correlates between morphology and diet. Here, the relationship between one aspect of occlusal morphology, tooth cusp radius of curvature (RoC), and two broad dietary categories, folivory and frugivory, is analyzed in apes. The author hypothesizes that there is a relationship between tooth cusp RoC and diet, and that folivores have sharper teeth than frugivores, and further test the correlation between tooth cusp RoC and tooth cusp size. Eight measures of tooth cusp RoC (two RoCs per cusp) were taken from 53 M2s from four species and subspecies of frugivorous apes (Pongo pygmaeus, Pan troglodytes troglodytes, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, and Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and two subspecies of folivorous apes (Gorilla beringei beringei, and Gorilla beringei graueri). Phylogenetically corrected ANOVAs were run on the full dataset and several subsets of the full dataset, revealing that, when buccolingual RoCs are taken into account, tooth cusp RoCs can successfully differentiate folivores and frugivores. PCAs revealed that folivores consistently had duller teeth than frugivores. In addition, a weak, statistically significant positive correlation exists between tooth cusp size and tooth cusp RoC. The author hypothesizes differences in tooth cusp RoC are correlated with wear rates, where, per vertical unit of wear, duller cusps will have a longer length of exposed enamel ridge than sharper cusps. More data need to be gathered to determine if the correlation between tooth cusp RoC and tooth cusp size holds true when small primates are considered. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:226–235, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
24.
Michelle W. Lee Saswata Chakraborty Nathan W. Schmidt Rajan Murgai Samuel H. Gellman Gerard C.L. Wong 《生物化学与生物物理学报:生物膜》2014
Novel synthetic mimics of antimicrobial peptides have been developed to exhibit structural properties and antimicrobial activity similar to those of natural antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of the innate immune system. These molecules have a number of potential advantages over conventional antibiotics, including reduced bacterial resistance, cost-effective preparation, and customizable designs. In this study, we investigate a family of nylon-3 polymer-based antimicrobials. By combining vesicle dye leakage, bacterial permeation, and bactericidal assays with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), we find that these polymers are capable of two interdependent mechanisms of action: permeation of bacterial membranes and binding to intracellular targets such as DNA, with the latter necessarily dependent on the former. We systemically examine polymer-induced membrane deformation modes across a range of lipid compositions that mimic both bacteria and mammalian cell membranes. The results show that the polymers' ability to generate negative Gaussian curvature (NGC), a topological requirement for membrane permeation and cellular entry, in model Escherichia coli membranes correlates with their ability to permeate membranes without complete membrane disruption and kill E. coli cells. Our findings suggest that these polymers operate with a concentration-dependent mechanism of action: at low concentrations permeation and DNA binding occur without membrane disruption, while at high concentrations complete disruption of the membrane occurs. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Interfacially Active Peptides and Proteins. Guest Editors: William C. Wimley and Kalina Hristova. 相似文献
25.
Phospholipids are key components of biological membranes and their lipolysis with phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes occurs in different cellular pH environments. Since no studies are available on the effect of pH on PLA2-modified phospholipid membranes, we performed 50-ns atomistic molecular dynamics simulations at three different pH conditions (pH 9.0, 7.5, and 5.5) using a fully PLA2-hydrolyzed phosphatidylcholine (PC) bilayer which consists solely of lysophosphatidylcholine and free fatty acid molecules. We found that a decrease in pH results in lateral squeezing of the membrane, i.e. in decreased surface area per headgroup. Thus, at the decreased pH, the lipid hydrocarbon chains had larger SCD order parameter values, and also enhanced membrane thickness, as seen in the electron density profiles across the membrane. From the lateral pressure profiles, we found that the values of spontaneous curvature of the two opposing monolayers became negative when the pH was decreased. At low pH, protonation of the free fatty acid headgroups reduces their mutual repulsion and accounts for the pH dependence of all the above-mentioned properties. The altered structural characteristics may significantly affect the overall surface properties of biomembranes in cellular vesicles, lipid droplets, and plasma lipoproteins, play an important role in membrane fission and fusion, and modify interactions between membrane lipids and the proteins embedded within them. 相似文献
26.
Anne Sofie Busk Heitmann Ali Asghar Hakami Zanjani Martin Berg Klenow Anna Mularski Stine Lauritzen Snder Frederik Wendelboe Lund Theresa Louise Boye Catarina Dias Poul Martin Bendix Adam Cohen Simonsen Himanshu Khandelia Jesper Nylandsted 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2021,297(2)
Repair of damaged plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells is largely dependent on the binding of annexin repair proteins to phospholipids. Changing the biophysical properties of the plasma membrane may provide means to compromise annexin-mediated repair and sensitize cells to injury. Since, cancer cells experience heightened membrane stress and are more dependent on efficient plasma membrane repair, inhibiting repair may provide approaches to sensitize cancer cells to plasma membrane damage and cell death. Here, we show that derivatives of phenothiazines, which have widespread use in the fields of psychiatry and allergy treatment, strongly sensitize cancer cells to mechanical-, chemical-, and heat-induced injury by inhibiting annexin-mediated plasma membrane repair. Using a combination of cell biology, biophysics, and computer simulations, we show that trifluoperazine acts by thinning the membrane bilayer, making it more fragile and prone to ruptures. Secondly, it decreases annexin binding by compromising the lateral diffusion of phosphatidylserine, inhibiting the ability of annexins to curve and shape membranes, which is essential for their function in plasma membrane repair. Our results reveal a novel avenue to target cancer cells by compromising plasma membrane repair in combination with noninvasive approaches that induce membrane injuries. 相似文献
27.
Elegir G Bussini D Antonsson S Lindström ME Zoia L 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2007,77(4):809-817
In this work, the effect of Trametes pubescens laccase (TpL) used in combination with a low-molecular-weight ultra-filtered lignin (UFL) to improve mechanical properties
of kraft liner pulp and chemi-thermo-mechanical pulp was studied. UFL was isolated by ultra-filtration from the kraft cooking
black liquor obtained from softwood pulping. This by-product from the pulp industry contains an oligomeric lignin with almost
twice the amount of free phenolic moieties than residual kraft pulp lignin. The reactivity of TpL on UFL and kraft pulp was
studied by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography. Laccase was shown to polymerise UFL
and residual kraft pulp lignin in the fibres, seen by the increase in their average molecular weight and in the case of UFL
as a decrease in the amount of phenolic hydroxyls. The laccase initiated cross-linking of lignin, mediated by UFL, which gives
rise to more than a twofold increase in wet strength of kraft liner pulp handsheets without loosing other critical mechanical
properties. Hence, this could be an interesting path to decrease mechano-sorptive creep that has been reported to lessen in
extent as wet strength is given to papers. The laccase/2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) mediator system showed a greater increase in wet tensile strength of the
resulting pulp sheets than the laccase/UFL system. However, other mechanical properties such as dry tensile strength, compression
strength and Scott Bond internal strength were negatively affected by the laccase/ABTS system. 相似文献
28.
We studied vertical changes in light regime and water content (WC) in combination with vertical gradients in several physiological response variables, i.e. net CO2 uptake, chlorophyll content and nitrogen content in the moss species, Tortula ruralis. The rate of light attenuation within the moss turf, which was determined with a custom-made optical microprobe system, was strongly dependent on plant WC. Curling movements of the upper leaves associated with the beginning desiccation of the uppermost parts of a turf allowed increased penetration of light to greater depth with decreasing WC. The capacity to fix carbon declined steeply with depth: below ca. 9 mm no net CO2 uptake occurred, even when removing the shading parts above. The potential rates of photosynthesis in different depths were highly correlated with chlorophyll content, but not nitrogen content. 相似文献
29.
《Biophysical journal》2022,121(11):2060-2068
Curvature is a fundamental property of biological membranes and has essential roles in cellular function. Bending of membranes can be induced by their lipid and protein compositions, as well as peripheral proteins, such as those that make up the cytoskeleton. An important aspect of membrane function is the grouping of lipid species into microdomains, or rafts, which serve as platforms for specific biochemical processes. The fluid mosaic model of membranes has evolved to recognize the importance of curvature and leaflet asymmetry, and there are efforts toward evaluating their functional roles. This work investigates the effect of curvature on the sorting of lipids in buckled asymmetric bilayers containing eight lipid types, approximating an average mammalian plasma membrane, through coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with the Martini force field. The simulations reveal that 1) leaflet compositional asymmetry can induce curvature asymmetry, 2) lipids are sorted by curvature to different extents, and 3) curvature-based partitioning trends show moderate to strong correlations with lipid molecular volumes and head to tail bead ratios, respectively. The findings provide unique insights into the role of curvature in membrane organization, and the curvature-based sorting trends should be useful references for later investigations and potentially interpreting the functional roles of specific lipids. 相似文献
30.
Lipid‐dependent pore formation by antimicrobial peptides arenicin‐2 and melittin demonstrated by their proton transfer activity 下载免费PDF全文
Sergei V. Sychev Sergey V. Balandin Pavel V. Panteleev Leonid I. Barsukov Tatiana V. Ovchinnikova 《Journal of peptide science》2015,21(2):71-76
This work presents a comparative study of proton transfer activity (PTA) of two cationic (+6) antimicrobial peptides, β‐structural arenicin‐2 and α‐helical melittin. A new approach was proposed for the detection of passive proton transfer by using proteoliposomes containing bacteriorhodopsin, which creates a small light‐induced electrochemical proton gradient ?ΔpH. Addition of several nanomoles of the peptides lowers ?ΔpH that is proximately indicative of the pore formation. The quantitative analysis of sigmoidal dependences of ?pH on the peptides concentration was carried out using liposomes prepared from PC, PC/PE, PC/PE/PI and PC/PG. Substitution of PC‐containing liposomes with PE‐containing ones, having negative spontaneous curvature, reduced the PTA of α‐helical melittin and increased that of β‐structural arenicin‐2. This result indicates an essential difference in the pore formation by these peptides. Further increase of PTA in response to arenicin‐2 (in contrast to melittin) was observed in the liposomes prepared from PC/PE/PI. The data analysis leads to the conclusion that PTA is influenced by (i) efficiency of the pore assemblage, which depends on the structure of pore‐forming peptides, and the spontaneous curvature of lipids and (ii) the presence of mobile protons in the polar head groups of phospholipids. Copyright © 2014 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献