烧伤后大鼠肠道菌群的改变及其易位

本文报告了25％烧伤后注射免疫抑制剂(地寨米松磷酸钠)大鼠7种肠道细菌的定量、内脏及血液的细菌培养和肠壁的病理形态学改变。单纯烧伤组(B组)和单纯注射免疫抑制剂组(Ⅰ组)动物肠壁的病理改变较轻,肠道菌群改变不明显,其肠道细菌易位率也很低。烧伤后注射免疫抑制剂的动物(BⅠ组)肠壁病变严重,肠道菌群改变明显。其中,肠杆菌在回肠、盲肠,结肠内容物中的菌量均明显升高;回肠内容物中拟杆菌的菌量明显减少;该组动物肠道细菌易位率也明显增高,达60％。此外,BⅠ组、Ⅰ组部分动物发生了由棒状杆菌及由棒状扦菌和肠杆菌混合引起的内源性感染。根据不同肠段肠壁病变严重程度、菌群变化的部位以及不同部位肠管生理功能的不同,我们推测,回肠以上肠段是肠道细菌易位的主要部位。     

Small marine pelagic fish and the threat of fishing; are they endangered?

Evidence of the collapse and recovery of major marine fisheries for pelagic fish species is reviewed, distinguishing the influence of fishing compared with natural (environmental) effects. In one only of the best documented cases (Icelandic spring-spawning herring) has the stock failed to reappear, after 20 years. Several others, e.g. California sardine, have persisted at 1/000th or possibly less of their peak size for some years before beginning to recover. Fishing has been the main cause of collapse in most but not all cases, due initially to the escalation of catchability as stock size decreases–a phenomenon characteristic of fisheries for pelagic species due to their shoaling habit, ease of detection and vulnerability to modern fishing methods. It is concluded that although the threat of fishing to the continuity of the species is remote, excessive depletion (although avoidable by firm and timely management) is potentially able to cause temporary disappearance of local stock and disruption of the ecosystem.     

Plasma levels of gonadotropin and 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one in relation to spawning behaviour of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss(Walbaum)

Manipulation of the opportunity to spawn was used to investigate the relationship between endocrine events, egg viability and spawning behaviour in female rainbow trout. Females were prevented from spawning by isolating them from males and gravel for up to 21 days after ovula- tion. Blood samples were taken before pairing with a male, at the onset of nesting activity, and at the completion of spawning. Plasma hormone levels of gonadotropin (GtH) and 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,2OP) were measured by specific radioimmunoassays. There were no qualitative or quantitative differences in the spawning behaviour of females paired on the day of ovulation or 7. 14, or 21 days after ovulation. There was a general decrease in the viability of eggs with increasing retention times. In females paired on the day of ovulation, or after 7 or 14 days, GtH levels increased with the onset of nesting behaviour and declined as fish reached the post-spawning condition. By day 21, GtH levels before pairing were significantly higher than prepairing levels in the other three treatment groups, and did not increase at the onset of nesting, or decrease in post-spawning fish. Plasma 17,20P remained high in prepairing and nesting samples of all four groups and declined to low levels in fish in post-spawning condition. In females paired on the day of ovulation there was a significant increase in 17,20P from the prepairing to the nesting stage. These results suggest that 17,20P plays a key role in the synchronization of behavioural and maturational events at the time of spawning.     

Direct and indirect evidence for polypeptide absorption by the teleost gastrointestinal tract

The ability of the gastrointestinal tract of chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha , to absorb polypeptides in vivo was investigated by reference to the appearance of orally administered adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) within the blood of fish previously treated with dexamethasone (3μg g^−l body weight) in order to suppress endogenous ACTH secretion. Further, since cortisol presence within plasma is dependent upon the availability of ACTH, dexamethasone blockade of endogenous ACTH secretion, in conjunction with subsequent measurements of plasma cortisol levels, provides a means by which biological patency of absorbed exogenous ACTH may be demonstrated. Levels of ACTH and cortisol in plasma of dexamethasone-treated salmon were therefore measured for a period of 360 min immediately following oral intubation of ACTH (15μg g⁻¹ body weight). Peak plasma presence of ACTH-like immunoreactivity (676.6 ± 33.6 pg ml⁻¹ plasma) and cortisol (227.1 ± 29.0 ng ml⁻¹ plasma) were recorded 120 min after ACTH administration. Results from the experimental groups were compared to those of 15 control treatments. Since administration of ACTH to chinook salmon elicited a consistent and significant elevation in not only plasma ACTH but also cortisol presence, it is contended that the salmonid gut expresses an ability to absorb polypeptides of dietary origin. The significance of these findings with respect to the oral administration of biologically active peptides and proteins to fish of importance to aquaculture is discussed.     

大熊猫的组织学研究 Ⅲ.消化道显微结构的年龄变化

观察了初生、幼仔、亚成体和老年大熊猫的食管、胃和肠的石蜡切片。与成体的对比,生长发育阶段的主要变化发生在两个主要机能层:粘膜层和肌肉层;衰老的变化则主要出现在粘膜层,尤其是上皮组织的变化最显著,内分泌亲银细胞的数量在生长期似略有增多,成年到老年数量变化不明显。     

甲壳动物的生殖量与环境关系：Ⅰ.枝角类

生殖量是生殖潜力(reproductivepotential)的一个主要标志,也是生态系统(含生产力)和种群生态学(含数量变动)的一个主要内容。它在很大程度上是由遗传因子(基因)决定的,表现在各类动物的生殖量有很     

Electromyograms from radiotelemetry as indicators of reproductive activity in lake trout

One male and one female lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush , were held in a laboratory tank simulating a natural spawning environment. Their behaviour during their reproductive period was videotaped each day for 2 h at dusk. The fish activities were classified into seven types: resting, casual swimming, side-thrusting, chase, chase-nudge, body alignment, shuddering. As the reproductive period progressed the fish became more generally active with a marked increase in interactive behaviours such as pursuit of the female by the male (chasing, chasing-nudging). Around spawning time, shuddering and body alignment activity reached apeak. Each fish was equipped with an internally implanted radiotelemetry package able to detect and transmit continuously over the course of each day signals that reflect production of the electromyograms (EMGs) that accompany fish axial muscle activity (high muscular activity gives low pulse interval times in milliseconds). The lowest EMG pulse intervals corresponded with what, from the video records, appeared to be the time of highest physical activity during the reproductive period–viz. that associated with spawning activity during dusk. Other times during the diel cycles over the reproductive period, except for times of roughly similar duration during early morning (which may also be reflections of spawning) showed considerably lower muscular activity. It is concluded that transmitted EMG records could probably be used as indicators of spawning activity of lake trout in at least some of those places in the field where they cannot normally be located by visual means.     

Testicular development and serum sex steroid profiles during the annual sexual cycle of the male sturgeon hybrid the bester

Testicular development in the adult male F₁ sturgeon hybrid, the bester ( Huso huso L. female x Acipenser ruthenus L. male), was examined monthly in relation to serum sex steroid levels. Spermatogenesis lasted for 1 year, with meiosis generally starting in September and spermiogenesis in November, although there was considerable variation in testicular developmental stages between fish sampled monthly. Testicular development continued, slowly, during the winter months until April. Fish did not exhibit spontaneous spermiation, and phagocytotic activity of Sertoli cells became prominent from May onwards. Androgen levels increased during Spermatogenesis and remained high throughout the pre-spermiation period. In the degeneration stage, 11-ketotestosterone concentrations declined to low levels, while testoster- one levels remained high. The serum concentration of 17,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one was low throughout the reproductive cycle. Based on these results, it is suggested that the time appropriate for induction of final maturation would be from November–December to April when the testes are in the late stage of development.     

Non-reciprocal cross-incompatibility in Trichogramma deion

In non-reciprocal cross-incompatibility (NRCI), the crossing of a female of a strain A with a male of a strain B results in hybrid offspring, whereas the reciprocal cross produces few or no hybrids. Only females are of hybrid origin in Hymenoptera because they arise from fertilized eggs; males arise from unfertilized (haploid) eggs. Crosses between many strains of Trichogramma deion showed some degree of NRCI. Crosses between a T. deion culture collected in Seven Pines, California (SVP) with one from Marysville, California (MRY) showed an extreme form of NRCI in which practically no female offspring was produced when MRY females were crossed with SVP males. The reciprocal cross produced a close to normal proportion of female and male offspring. Detailed studied of this cross indicated that 1) the female offspring produced in the compatible interstrain cross were not the result of parthenogenesis but were true hybrids, 2) the incompatible interstrain cross did not produce female offspring because fertilized eggs died during development, 3) the death of these eggs could not be prevented by either antibiotic or temperature treatment, 4) cytoplasmically inherited factors causing NRCI could be discounted because backcrossed females with the genome of MRY and the cytoplasm of SVP, exhibit the NRCI relationship characteristic of their genome. Therefore the NRCI between these strains appears to be caused by a modification coded for by the nuclear genes of MRY that results in incompatibility when SVP sperm fertilizes MRY eggs. In addition the level of incompatibility in crosses between the SVP females and MRY males is temperature sensitive, the higher the rearing temperature the lower the level of compatibility.