Changes in the free and total amino acid composition of ripening chestnut seeds

The distribution of free and protein amino acids during seed development is described for three chestnut varieties. Asparagine accumulation was shown to correlate with protein biosynthesis. Accumulation of free amino acids takes place before that of proteins in ripening seeds. A temporary decrease was generally accompanied by protein biosynthesis and followed by final accumulation of both protein and free amino acids.     

Effect of gall formation by a cynipid wasp, Andricus symbioticus, on the development of the leaves and shoots of Quercus dentata

The sexual generation of a cynipid wasp, Andricus symbioticus Kovalev, forms its leaf galls most frequently near and on the leaf petiole of Quercus trees. I examined the effect of gall formation by A. symbioticus on the leaf development of a host plant, Quercus dentata Thunberg, by comparing the size and shape of galled and ungalled leaves. I also examined the effect of gall formation on shoot development by comparing the length of shoots with and without galled leaves. Three of seven Q. dentata trees surveyed were heavily infested with A. symbioticus. Leaf size did not differ between galled and ungalled leaves. However, the ratio of leaf width to length was greater in galled leaves, which is regarded to be a result of gall formation by A. symbioticus inhibiting the growth in length of Q. dentata leaves. Shoot length did not differ significantly between shoots with and without galled leaves. These results suggest that galls of A. symbioticus act as a sink that competes with leaves for reserved photoassimilates.     

三棱栎属分类的孢粉学证据

壳斗科三棱栎属Trigonobalanus Forman含3种,即:三棱栎T．doichangensis,南美三棱栎T．excelsa,轮叶三棱栎T．verticillata。通过用光学显徽镜、扫描电子显微镜、激光共聚焦显微系统及透射电子显微镜对3个种的花粉进行观察并比较分析,确认它们分别属于显然不同的3个类型:(A)花粉粒为扁球形,赤道面观宽椭圆形,极面观钝三角形;孔在角上,内孔具明显的孔室,孔缘加厚;外壁覆盖层无穿孔,孔区外壁-2(从化学分层)特厚;表面具疣波状纹饰。三棱栎为此类型。(B)花粉粒为长球形,赤道面观长椭圆形,极面观近三角形或三瓣形;萌发孔多为3拟孔沟(-3沟),位于三角形的边上;外壁覆盖层具穿孔,表面具粗瘤(疣)状纹饰。南美三棱栎为此类型。(C)花粉粒近球形、赤道面观近圆形,极面观3裂圆形,3孔沟在边上;覆盖层具穿孔;表面具小瘤和蠕虫状短条纹饰。轮叶三棱栎为此类型。以上3个种的花粉粒形状、萌发孔、外壁结构、表面纹饰等特征,特别是萌发孔特征、类型及位置,在壳斗科的花粉形态中表现出较大差异,越出了种间的区别,故笔者认为K．C. Nixon和W．L. Crepet将3个种分立为3个单型属是自然合理的,即:Formanodendren(F．doichangensis(Camus)Nixon et Crepet), Colombobalanus(C. excelsa(G．Lozano,J．Hdz-C．et J．Henao)Nixon et Crepet),Trigonobalanus(T．verticillata Forman)。     

三棱栎的幼苗形态解剖及系统位置

对三棱栎幼苗的形态和解剖学研究表明,三棱栎幼苗与壳斗科其它属区别明显,并与水青冈属及南水青冈属较为接近,而与栎属关系甚远,最后提出了三棱栎属与水青冈属,南水青冈属共同组成水青冈亚科,为壳斗科中较原始的类群。     

Genetic Variation in Fragmented Forest Stands of the Andean Oak Quercus humboldtii Bonpl. (Fagaceae)1

Quercus humboldtii is a montane forest dominant species in Colombia, which has experienced significant habitat loss. Using three microsatellite loci, we compared the genetic diversity of adults and seedlings in fragments of small and large size. Results show high genetic diversity, comparable to other temperate oak species (H_o= 0.813, H_e= 0.780, and f=?0.044). However, allelic richness reduction in seedlings of the most fragmented part of the landscape, suggested restricted gene flow and risk of future genetic bottlenecks, if larger tracts of forest disappear.     

壳斗科五树种幼苗叶片结构型性状及其相关关系

通过种子的人工采集、低温沙藏和温室培育后,将幼苗移栽到环境条件相同的同质园中自然生长,研究了中亚热带壳斗科丝栗栲(Castanopsis fargesii)、苦槠(C.sclerophylla)、锥栗(Castanea henryi)、板栗(C.mollissima)和麻栎(Quercus acutissima)2年生幼苗生长季节的叶面积、叶厚度、比叶面积、叶干物质含量、叶氮浓度、叶磷浓度和叶氮磷比7种结构型性状的差异及其相关关系。结果表明:(1)在5树种幼苗中,锥栗幼苗的叶面积和比叶面积最大、叶氮浓度最高,其叶干物质含量最低;丝栗栲幼苗的叶面积最小、叶氮浓度和叶磷浓度最低;苦槠幼苗的叶厚度和比叶面积最小,其叶干物质含量最高;板栗幼苗则是叶厚度最小;同时5树种幼苗叶片的氮磷比均无显著差异(P0.1)。(2)Pearson相关和线性回归分析表明,壳斗科5树种幼苗的叶面积与叶氮浓度极显著正相关(P0.01),并与比叶面积显著正相关(P0.05);叶厚度与比叶面积极显著负相关(P0.01),其与叶干物质含量显著正相关(P0.05);比叶面积与叶干物质含量极显著负相关(P0.01),并与叶氮浓度极显著正相关(P0.01),同时与叶磷浓度显著负相关(P0.05);叶氮浓度与叶干物质含量、叶磷浓度分别为显著负相关(P0.05)和显著正相关(P0.05)。该研究结果表明壳斗科5树种幼苗叶片的7种结构型性状表现出了一定的种间差异性,但同一结构型性状的大小顺序和种间差异的显著性不同;同时所有树种幼苗叶片各结构型性状间的相关性及其显著程度不同。     

壳斗科的地质历史及其系统学和植物地理学意义

在收集整理现有壳斗科化石资料的基础上,讨论了壳斗科及其各属的起源时间、地史分布和地史 演替过程以及这些化石资料在系统学和植物地理学上的意义。白垩纪尚无壳斗科可靠的大化石记录, 微化石需要进一步研究才能确定亲缘关系以及古新世壳斗科已经分化出两个类群。从以上这些事实推 论壳斗科起源于白垩纪晚期,而壳斗科现代各属出现的时间应不晚于古新世。最早发现的壳斗科化石和现代栗亚科和水青冈亚科在形态结构上非常相似,这一事实表明,壳斗科分为两个亚科的观点更接近客观事实。在水青冈亚科中,三棱栎类的化石最早出现;在栎属中,青冈亚属更接近祖先类群;在地史中全缘栎类较具齿栎类出现早,粗齿的落叶栎类出现最晚。三棱栎属、栲属和石栎属的化石在老第三纪出现于北美和欧洲的事实说明,北美、欧洲和东亚在老第三纪时有一个相通的壳斗科植物区系。南美的三棱栎是通过北美进入南美的。中国横断山、欧洲地中海沿岸和北美西北部有一类形态特征相似、亲缘关系相近的硬叶栎类,它们之间有相同的地质演替历史,它们现代分布边界可能就是古地中海的边界。美洲的栎类有两个来源,常绿硬叶栎类是通过古地中海沿岸而经北美-欧洲陆桥到达的,落叶栎类则是在中新世以后通过白令海峡到达的。     

A phenetic study of the taxonomic delimitation of Quercus acutifolia and Q. conspersa (Fagaceae)

A phenetic study ofQuercus acutifolia andQ. conspersa (Fagaceae) is carried out. The study was based on morphological characters, and included cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The results revealed that the characters employed so far to separateQuercus acutifolia andQ. conspersa seem to be quite unreliable. Nevertheless, both species can still be recognized as taxonomically different entities, although mostly based on characters of leaf margins. We propose that the individuals that have leaves with dentate-aristate margins correspond toQ. acutifolia, whereas those that have leaves with entire and not dentate-aristate margins belong toQ. conspersa.     

南水青冈属花粉形态类型及其分类学意义

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜及透射电镜,对分布于南美洲、澳大利亚、新西兰、新喀里多尼亚岛和新几内亚岛的南水青冈属Nothofagus26种2变种,包括33份花粉材料,进行了观察测定及超微结构分析研究。通过对花粉的形状、大小、萌发孔特征的比较分析,得出以下结果：南水青冈属花粉粒为扁球形至超扁球形;萌发孔具5～8短沟,稀为4沟或9沟,沟缘普遍加厚;表面具不同形状、大小和疏密的刺状纹饰,花粉外壁超微结构与壳斗科(狭义)其它属迥然不同。研究结果表明,该类群的花粉在形状、大小、沟的数目和沟缘加厚等特征上亦具较大差异,据此可划分为3种类型,即N ．brassii型,N．menziesii型和N．fusca型。