乳酸菌胞外多糖的研究进展

乳酸菌胞外多糖是乳酸菌生长代谢过程中产生并分泌到细胞外的一种天然高分子聚合物。作为一种新型的天然食品添加剂,乳酸菌胞外多糖因其独特的生理功能和产业潜力而备受研究者青睐。但由于乳酸菌胞外多糖结构组分、功能效用的不同,很难建立一个通用的生产方法和检测标准。另外,如何提高胞外多糖产量也是未来要面临的一大挑战。从乳酸菌胞外多糖的遗传研究、结构修饰、构效关系、生物学活性几个方面进行综述,并对未来研究方向进行展望。     

Shear treatment of starter culture medium improves separation behavior of Streptococcus thermophilus cells

A central step in the production of starter cultures is the separation of the cells from the fermentation medium, which is usually achieved by disk centrifuges. In case of microorganisms which produce exopolysaccharides (e.g., various strains of lactic acid bacteria), the properties of the respective exopolysaccharides may interfere with this separation step. By using six strains of Streptococcus thermophilus the hypothesis was tested that a shear treatment of the fermented culture medium improves subsequent cell separation markedly. Depending on the type of exopolysaccharides (freely present in the medium, or as capsules around the cells) an energy input of up to 2.5 kJ/mL generated with an Ultra‐Turrax affected cell chain length of the strains and viscosity of fermentation medium differently. For bacteria producing capsular exopolysaccharides, space‐ and time‐resolved centrifugation experiments revealed an increase of sedimentation velocity after shear treatment. In general, viability of the microorganisms, detected by flow cytometry measurements and fermentation experiments, was not affected by the shearing procedure. The results therefore indicate that strain‐targeted shearing is helpful to improve the separability of cells from the fermented media.     

Exopolysaccharide production by cyanobacteria grown in closed photobioreactors and immobilized using white cotton towelling

Two exopolysaccharide (EPS) – producing cyanobacteria, Croococcus minutus and Nostoc insulare, were grown as batch cultures in closed cultivation systems (8-L flasks or 12-L and 250-L photobioreactorswith internal illumination) at light intensities ranging between 25 and 150μmol photon m^-2 s^-1. Another batch of each organism was immobilized on white cotton towelling and grown in 470-ml and17-L flat upright transparent chambers made of polycarbonate at light intensities of 0.5–1.5 μmol photon m^-2s^-1. Both cultivation systems were compared with regard to EPS productivity and technological feasibility. The EPS excreted by both cyanobacteria was separated into fractions which had different molecular weights (540–1600 kD) and analyzed for their sugar composition. Both organisms produced acidic EPS, which contained, respectively, 4.2 and 25.3% uronic acids. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

灵芝胞外多糖的分离纯化及生物活性

目前,灵芝多糖的抗肿瘤及免疫活性已得到人们的广泛关注[1]。灵芝子实体多糖和发酵过程中产生的胞内和胞外多糖已被国内外的研究者证实都是有效多糖[2]。因此利用深层发酵来大规模地生产生物活性多糖是目前灵芝开发利用技术的热点。国内对灵芝培养基的组成、培养方法等已?..     

Potentials of Exopolysaccharides from Lactic Acid Bacteria

Recent research in the area of importance of microbes has revealed the immense industrial potential of exopolysaccharides and their derivative oligosaccharides from lactic acid bacteria. However, due to lack of adequate technological knowledge, the exopolysaccharides have remained largely under exploited. In the present review, the enormous potentials of different types of exopolysaccharides from lactic acid bacteria are described. This also summarizes the recent advances in the applications of exopolysaccharides, certain problems associated with their commercial production and the remedies.     

Impact of the exopolysaccharide layer on biofilms,adhesion and resistance to stress in Lactobacillus johnsonii FI9785

Background

The bacterial cell surface is a crucial factor in cell-cell and cell-host interactions. Lactobacillus johnsonii FI9785 produces an exopolysaccharide (EPS) layer whose quantity and composition is altered in mutants that harbour genetic changes in their eps gene clusters. We have assessed the effect of changes in EPS production on cell surface characteristics that may affect the ability of L. johnsonii to colonise the poultry host and exclude pathogens.

Results

Analysis of physicochemical cell surface characteristics reflected by Zeta potential and adhesion to hexadecane showed that an increase in EPS gave a less negative, more hydrophilic surface and reduced autoaggregation. Autoaggregation was significantly higher in mutants that have reduced EPS, indicating that EPS can mask surface structures responsible for cell-cell interactions. EPS also affected biofilm formation, but here the quantity of EPS produced was not the only determinant. A reduction in EPS production increased bacterial adhesion to chicken gut explants, but made the bacteria less able to survive some stresses.

Conclusions

This study showed that manipulation of EPS production in L. johnsonii FI9785 can affect properties which may improve its performance as a competitive exclusion agent, but that positive changes in adhesion may be compromised by a reduction in the ability to survive stress.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-015-0347-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Microbial exopolysaccharides: Main examples of synthesis, excretion, genetics and extraction

Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) produced by microorganisms represent an industrially untapped market. Some microorganisms can produce and excrete over 40 g L⁻¹ of EPS in simple but costly production conditions.Approximately thirty strains of eukaryotic and prokaryotic microorganisms are notable for their EPS production. EPSs are produced in response to biotic and abiotic stress factors and/or to adapt to an extreme environment. The main function of EPSs is to aid in protection against environmental pressures.Heteropolysaccharides and some homopolysaccharides are synthesised in microbial cells and then secreted into the extracellular environment. More currently, homopolysaccharide synthesis occurs outside of the cells after specific enzymes are exuded.Although natural secretory mechanisms exist in microorganisms, it is often necessary to resort to physical or chemical extraction methods to improve the yield of EPSs at an industrial level.In light of growing interest, our basic understanding of microbial EPSs needs to be improved.     

Pustulan and branched β-galactofuranan from the phytopathogenic fungus Guignardia citricarpa, excreted from media containing glucose and sucrose

Guignardia citricarpa is a phytopathogenic fungus and the causal agent of citrus black spot. Incubation in a semi-defined media resulted in formation of exopolysaccharides [EPS(s)]. A medium containing glucose gave rise to a (1→6)-linked β-glucan (200 kD), pustulan, which was characterized by NMR and methylation analysis. A sucrose-containing medium provided a homogalactan (376 kD) and methylation analysis showed nonreducing end- (20%), 6-O- (53%) and 5,6-di-O-substituted Galf units (27%). An HMQC spectrum of the homogalactan showed C-1/H-1 signals at δ 108.2/4.820, 108.3/4.820 and 107.1/5.079, corresponding to three types of β- -Galf units. A DEPT analysis showed inverted signals (CH₂) at δ 67.8 and 67.2, corresponding to 6-O-substituted β- -Galf units, whereas a C-5 signal at δ 77.0 suggests 5-O-substitution, confirming a novel structure for a β-galactofuranan.     

糖质溶液中发酵生产灰树花胞外多糖的研究

研究了葡萄糖浓度和pH值调控对糖质溶液中发酵生产灰树花胞外多糖的影响。葡萄糖浓度为5％时胞外多糖产量最高;发酵液pH控制为3．5－4．0时有利于胞外多糖的合成;并守试了重复使用菌丝体在糖质溶液中发酵生产灰树花胞外多糖的新方法。     

Optimization of submerged culture conditions for exopolysaccharide production in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sarcodon aspratus</Emphasis> (Berk) S.lto TG-3

The effect of medium components (carbon, nitrogen, and mineral sources) and environmental factors (initial pH and temperature) for mycelial growth and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production in Sarcodon aspratus(Berk) S.lto TG-3 was investigated. The optimal temperature (25°C) and initial pH (5.0) for the EPS production in shake flask cultures of S. aspratus were determined using the two-dimensional contour plot. The most suitable carbon, nitrogen, and mineral sources for EPS production were glucose, yeast extract, CaCl₂ and KH₂PO₄, respectively. Notably, the EPS production was significantly enhanced by supplementation of calcium ion. Subsequently, the optimum concentration of glucose (30gl^–1), yeast extract (15gl^–1), CaCl₂ (1.1gl^–1), and KH₂PO₄ (1.2gl^–1) were determined using the orthogonal matrix method. The effects of nutritional requirement on the mycelial growth of S.aspratuswere in regular sequence of glucose>KH₂PO₄>yeast extract>CaCl₂, and those on EPS production were in the order of glucose>yeast extract>CaCl₂>KH₂PO₄. Under the optimal culture conditions, the maximum EPS concentration in a 5-l stirred-tank reactor was 2.68gl^–1 after 4days of fermentation, which was 6-fold higher than that at a basal medium. The two-dimensional contour plot and orthogonal matrix method allowed us to find the relationship between environmental factors and nutritional requirement by determining optimal operating conditions for maximum EPS production in S.asparatus. The statistical experiments used in this work can be useful strategies for optimization of submerged culture processes for other mushrooms.