Root biomass,root distribution and the fine-root growth dynamics of Quercus coccifera L. in the garrigue of southern France

Quercus coccifera L., the characteristic scrub oak of the garrigue, covers more than 100,000 ha in southern France alone. Precipitation in this area averages 900 mm/year and summer rains are not rare. A total belowground biomass of 7.2 kg/m², including rhizomes and lignotubers, was harvested. Roots were concentrated in the uppermost 50 cm of the soil. It was hypothesized that low winter temperatures inhibit active fine-root growth. This hypothesis was tested by means of fine-root extractions of soil samples from 0–50 cm depth from November 1987 to June 1988. Although the fine-root analysis could not be extended into late summer and fall, the data supported the hypothesis. Ratios of live/dead fine roots reached their minimum at 0.2–0.3 from December to April. They increased to 1.0–1.2 during late spring and early summer. Initiation of fine-root growth in early April was synchronous with bud break. Starch contents of roots, rhizomes, and lignotubers fluctuated from 4.3% in January to 8.3% in April. The starch stored in belowground organs of Q. coccifera in a closed canopy stand amounted to about 500 g/m² in April. This amount declined to 400 g with bud burst and fine-root growth initiation.     

Archaeological discoveries at Rutland Water

This paper summarises the results of archaeological excavations on the Rutland Water site from 1967 to date. They range from Iron Age to Medieval and include Romano-British farmsteads and two Anglo-Saxon cemeteries.     

The endoscopist and malignant and non-malignant biliary obstruction

Patients with biliary strictures often represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, due to the site and complexity of biliary obstruction and wide differential diagnosis. Multidisciplinary decision making is required to reach an accurate and timely diagnosis and to plan optimal care. Developments in endoscopic ultrasound and peroral cholangioscopy have advanced the diagnostic yield of biliary endoscopy, and novel optical imaging techniques are emerging. Endoscopic approaches to biliary drainage are preferred in most scenarios, and recent advances in therapeutic endoscopic ultrasound allow drainage where the previous alternatives were only percutaneous or surgical. Here we review recent advances in endoscopic practice for the diagnosis and management of biliary strictures. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cholangiocytes in Health and Diseaseedited by Jesus Banales, Marco Marzioni and Peter Jansen.     

ERCP治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎86例胆汁细菌培养及药敏分析

目的了解急性胆源性胰腺炎（ABP）患者胆汁中主要致病菌的分布及其耐药情况,为临床治疗提供理论依据和治疗指导。方法选取2008年6月至2013年2月平顶山市第一人民医院消化内科收治的经内镜逆行胰胆管造影（EndoscopicRetrogradeCholangio—Pancreatography,ERCP）治疗的ABP患者86例,对术中抽取的胆汁标本行细菌培养和药敏试验,回顾性分析其临床结果。结果86例送检标本中,共检出76株病原菌,检出率为88．4％,胆汁感染的革兰阴性菌以大肠埃希菌为最多,革兰阳性菌以粪肠球菌最多;厌氧菌以感染脆弱类杆菌、产气荚膜梭菌等为主。结论ABP胆汁感染检出率高,致病菌种类与肠道细菌的种类基本一致,在胆汁细菌培养和药敏结果明确之前应尽量选用广谱的抗生素联合、足量用药;如药敏结果明确,则可根据治疗效果或药敏结果调整抗生素继续治疗,以提高疗效,避免浪费。     

内镜下黏膜切除术治疗胃息肉的疗效及对血清ProGRP、PGI水平的影响

摘要 目的：探讨内镜下黏膜切除术治疗胃息肉的疗效及对血清胃泌素释放肽前体（ProGRP）、胃蛋白酶原I（PGI）水平的影响。方法：选取我院2019年8月到2022年8月收治的120例胃息肉患者作为研究对象，依照手术方式的不同进行分组，其中将选择常规内镜下电凝切除术治疗的60例患者分为对照组，选择内镜下黏膜切除术治疗的60例患者分为观察组。对比两组患者不良反应发生情况与治疗费用，手术前与手术后血清ProGRP、PGI表达水平以及炎症因子表达水平，对比两组患者整体切除率和并发症发生情况。结果：两组患者总治疗费用对比无差异（P＞0.05），观察组患者术后不良反应发生率较对照组低（P＜0.05）；两组患者手术前血清ProGRP、PGI水平对比无差异（P＞0.05），治疗后两组患者均降低，且观察组较对照组低（P＜0.05）；两组患者手术前PCT、CRP、IL-6、IL-2对比无明显差异（P＞0.05），手术后两组患者PCT、CRP、IL-6、IL-2均升高，且观察组低于对照组（P＜0.05）；两组患者胃息肉均被完整切除，整体切除率对比无差异；且观察组穿孔、迟发性出血以及感染等并发症发生率虽低于对照组，但比较无差异（P＞0.05）。结论：对胃息肉患者采取内镜下黏膜切除术与常规内镜下电凝切除术均能够完整的切除胃息肉，且治疗费用相当。而应用内镜下黏膜切除术能够降低患者ProGRP、PGI水平，降低机体炎症因子反应，且并发症发生率较低，值得临床应用推广。     

腹腔镜联合经内镜逆行性胰胆管造影术治疗胆总管结石的疗效观察

目的:探讨腹腔镜联合经内镜逆行性胰胆管造影术治疗胆总管结石的临床疗效及安全性。方法:选择2016年1月到2019年1月我院收治的胆总管结石患者350例为研究对象,根据手术方法将其分为观察组(n=176)和对照组(n=174)。对照组给予腹腔镜胆囊切除、胆总管切开取石术,观察组给予腹腔镜联合经内镜逆行性胰胆管造影术治疗。比较两组患者的手术情况、治疗前后总胆汁酸(TBA)、总胆红素(TBil)、直接胆红素(DBil)、间接胆红素(IBil)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GT)水平的变化、胃肠功能恢复情况及并发症的发生情况。结果:观察组手术时间明显长于对照组(P<0.05),术中出血量、术后下床时间及住院时间均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。两组治疗后血清TBA、TBil、DBil、IBil、AST、ALT及γ-GT水平均较治疗前显著改善,且观察组血清以上指标水平均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组肠鸣音恢复时间、排气时间及排便时间均明显短于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗期间,两组并发症总发生率为1.70%、13.22%,观察组显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:腹腔镜联合经内镜逆行性胰胆管造影术治疗胆总管结石患者的临床效果显著优于腹腔镜胆囊切除、胆总管切开取石术,其可有效缩短患者住院时间,改善其肝功能,且安全性较高。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控期间内镜诊疗相关感染防控建议

针对2019年底出现在我国的新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情,全国上下拼尽全力积极抗疫。目前全国疫情在得到良好控制的同时,各大医疗机构为防控疫情纷纷暂停的各项高风险诊疗项目也陆续开诊。由此根据国家卫生健康委员会最新发布的《新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案(试行第八版)》及《新型冠状病毒肺炎防控方案(第七版)》等文件,结合相关国家规范对新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控期间消化内镜、支气管镜及喉镜(软镜)诊疗的感染防控措施进行梳理和总结,提出相关建议以供临床医务工作者参考。     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后急性胰腺炎患者的血浆白蛋白水平的变化与预后的相关性

摘要 目的：探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术前后急性胰腺炎患者的血浆白蛋白水平的变化与预后的相关性。方法：2015年8月到2019年1月选择在本院诊治的急性胰腺炎患者68例,根据治疗方法的不同分为经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(encoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography,ERCP)组和保守治疗组,同期选择在本院进行体检的非胰腺炎患者34例作为对照组。ERCP组患者都给予经内镜逆行胰胆管造影手术治疗,保守治疗组给予内科保守治疗。记录血浆白蛋白水平变化情况,及预后并进行相关性分析。结果：ERCP组和保守治疗组入院时的白细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数、C-反应蛋白、降钙素原均显著高于对照组,淋巴细胞计数、白蛋白均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),且上述指标ERCP组和保守治疗组变化无统计学意义 (P>0.05)。在ERCP组和保守治疗组中,术后1 d血浆白蛋白水平低于术前1 d(P<0.05),但是术后3 d、术后7 d显著高于术前1 d,且ERCP组术后术后3 d、术后7 d血浆白蛋白水平显著高于保守治疗组 (P<0.05)。在ERCP组治疗的总有效率显著高于保守治疗组（P<0.05）;两组并发症发生率对比无统计学意义（P>0.05）。在ERCP组中,选取白蛋白、降钙素原水平等因素,通过logistic回归分析证实白蛋白、降钙素原为影响患者预后的主要危险因素(P<0.05)。结论：急性胰腺炎患者经内镜逆行胰胆管造影手术前后血浆白蛋白水平有显著波动,白蛋白、降钙素原与患者预后显著相关,可预测患者的预后。     

不同术式的经内镜下行乳头括约肌切开术（EST）对肠胆反流的影响

目的：目前认为,十二指肠胆道反流是引起胆道反复感染,进而导致胆道结石再发和胆道狭窄的原因之一。近年来应用以内镜下逆行胆胰管造影术（endoscopicretrogradecholangiopancreatography,ERCP）为基础的微创治疗胆总管结束的技术开展颇为广泛。它主要包括ERCP、Oddi括约肌切开术（endoscopicsphincterotomy,EST）、十二指肠乳头球囊扩张术（endoscopicpapillarybal—Iondilation,EPBD）、胆管结石碎石取石术、胆总管支架植入术和鼻胆管引流术六大技术。本文主要研究了采用不同术式的EST,即EST中切口和EST小切口＋EPBD术,在术后早期对患者十二指肠胆道反流的影响。方法：63例胆总管结石患者,男30例,女33例,予行经内镜下逆行的胆胰管造影（ERCP）后分别采用不同术式EST,术后安放胆总管引流管。术后l周留取胆汁采用口服核素和测定胆汁中的胃蛋白酶I、II的浓度,对十二指肠胆道反流进行定量和定性的测定。结果：EST中切口术组、EST小切口＋球囊扩张（EPBD）组分别与无EST组相比,年龄和性别无统计学意义（P=0．07,P=0．416）。行EST中切开和小切开＋球囊扩张患者胆汁中的锝计数明显高于无EST组,且这两组不同术式的患者锝计数存在显著的统计学差异（P〈0．05）。行EST中切口者、EST小切口＋球囊扩张术者胆汁中的PGII质量浓度明显低于无EST组（P〈0．05）,但是EST中切口者和EST小切口＋球囊扩张术后两组间胆汁中PGII的质量浓度无统计学差异。结论：行EST中切口取胆总管结石的患者在手术早期较易发生十二指肠胆道的反流。因此,建议对于胆总管结石患者尽量选择行EST小切口＋球裳扩张术（EPBD）的手术方式。     

News Notes

With archaeologists continually finding new pieces of the past, students will undoubtedly see and hear of new discoveries in the media. By using archaeology as a context for investigating past cultures and using science methods, teachers can capitalize on students' interests while still addressing concepts recommended (or required) for their curriculum. The following activities use everyday items as artifacts and will take you and your students through an authentic excavation experience.