Regulation and function of innate and adaptive interleukin-17-producing cells

Interleukin-17 (IL-17)-mediated immune responses play a crucial role in the mucosal host defence against microbial and fungal pathogens. However, the chronic activation of IL-17-producing T helper cells can cause autoimmune disease. In addition, recent studies have highlighted key roles of innate cell-mediated IL-17 responses in various inflammatory settings. Besides inflammation, there have also been intriguing findings regarding the involvement of IL-17 responses in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases and tumour formation. Here, we discuss the latest discoveries in regulation and function of innate and adaptive IL-17-producing cells.     

经尿道前列腺电切(TURP)联合输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗前列腺增生症(BPH)合并膀胱结石的疗效观察

目的:观察分析经尿道前列腺电切(TURP)联合输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗前列腺增生症(BPH)合并膀胱结石的效果。方法:本组61例患者先行膀胱结石钬激光碎石,然后采用经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)治疗前列腺增生症。结果:61例一次性治疗成功,术后结石无残留,排尿情况较前明显改善,IPSS评分均分由24.4分降到9.4分,最大尿流率由7.2 mL/s上升到19.5 mL/s。结论:钬激光碎石及TURP同期治疗前列腺增生合并膀胱结石是安全有效的方法。     

巨大痛风石手术切除一例及文献复习

目的:探讨晚期巨大痛风石结节的临床表现及手术治疗效果.方法:回顾性分析一例典型病例患者的临床资料、手术方法的选择以及病理学表现.结果:该患者为晚期通风症患者,发展为痛风石.表现为痛风石结节增生,破坏肌腱以及骨组织.各项辅助检查以及手术后病理结果均支持痛风病的诊断.通过手术切除第一跖趾关节旁巨大痛风石,疗效满意.结论:痛风是一种因嘌呤代谢紊乱所致的疾病,本例患者经过各种保守对症治疗均无效.接收此患者后,通过文献复习分析以及临床检查确诊,本病例痛风病变已发展至晚期巨大痛风石结节.只有通过手术治疗才能彻底治愈.手术后证明对晚期巨大痛风石结节同时伴有骨关节破损的痛风石患者行手术治疗是完全可行,且疗效显著.     

失血性休克大鼠模型的改进及胃黏膜血流量的测定

目的探讨失血性休克大鼠模型的建立及胃黏膜血流量的测定。方法16只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为两组：对照组（n=8）、失血性休克组（n=8）。失血性休克组使用颈动脉失血-颈静脉失血回输的方式制备失血性休克大鼠模型。维持平均动脉压40mmHg 1h后复苏,复苏后2h动物模型制作成功。使用激光多普勒血流仪测定大鼠胃黏膜血流量;采用光镜及透射电镜观察胃黏膜损伤情况。结果失血性休克组胃黏膜血流量较对照组明显降低,差异非常显著（P〈0．01）,胃黏膜细胞坏死、脱落、溶解,局部溃疡形成。结论失血性休克大鼠胃黏膜血流量明显降低,存在广泛的胃黏膜损伤。     

Nocistatin and nociceptin given centrally induce opioid-mediated gastric mucosal protection

Nociceptin (N/OFQ) and nocistatin (NST) are two endogenous neuropeptides derived from the same precursor protein, preproN/OFQ. The aim of the present work was to study the effect of NST on the ethanol-induced mucosal damage compared with that of N/OFQ following intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration in the rat and to analyze the mechanism of the gastroprotective action. It was found that both NST and N/OFQ reduced the mucosal lesions in the same dose range (0.2–1 nmol i.c.v.), but in higher doses (2–5 nmol i.c.v.) the gastroprotective effect of both peptides was highly diminished. The gastroprotective effect of N/OFQ (1 nmol), but not that of NST (1 nmol), was reduced by the selective nociceptin receptor antagonist J-113397 (69 nmol i.c.v.). Similarly, decrease of the gastroprotective effect was observed after the combination of NST (1 nmol) with N/OFQ (0.6 or 1 nmol). However, addition of the gastroprotective effects was observed, when lower dose (0.2 nmol) of NST was given prior to N/OFQ (0.6 nmol). The gastroprotective effect of both N/OFQ and NST was antagonized by naloxone (27 nmol), β-funaltrexamine (20 nmol), naltrindole (5 nmol) and norbinaltorphimine (14 nmol), the μ-, δ- and κ-opioid receptor antagonists, respectively, given i.c.v. The mucosal protection was significantly decreased after bilateral cervical vagotomy. The present findings suggest that NST similar to N/OFQ, may also induce gastric mucosal protective action initiated centrally in a vagal-dependent mechanism. Opioid component is likely to be involved in the gastroprotective effect of both NST and N/OFQ.     

粘膜免疫戊型肝炎试验性疫苗的研究

采用原核表达的戊型肝炎病毒结构区基因(HEV ORF2)编码蛋白,与新型人用疫苗佐剂类MF59配制成试验性疫苗,通过粘膜免疫途径免疫实验小鼠,研究其产生粘膜免疫和体液免疫的效果。结果表明,通过滴鼻和灌胃两种粘膜免疫途径免疫BALB／c小鼠,均能诱导小鼠产生针对HEV ORF2试验性疫苗的血清IgG和IgA,血清IgG的抗体滴度为1：800～1：1600,血清IgA抗体滴度为1：100～1：200。对免疫小鼠血清中IgG的动态观察表明,血清抗体可持续存在至少6个月以上。比较类MF159佐剂和传统铝盐佐剂经注射免疫所诱导产生的血清IgG抗体滴度,发现类MF59佐剂可有效增强HEV0RF2重组蛋白的免疫原性4倍左右。类MF159佐剂可诱导粘膜免疫反应,在肠道粘膜部位产生SIgA,滴度为1：100。这些结果为新型戊型肝炎病毒基因工程重组疫苗的研制提供了一条新的思路。     

Gastric mucosal endogenous prostacyclin levels are different in Brattleboro rats compared with Wistar strain

Homozygous Brattleboro rats were investigated and compared to normal (physiological) Wistar strain rats regarding their gastric mucosal endogenous prostacyclin (PG-I(2)) level. It seems that the Brattleboro animals have a significantly lower level of this important protective material. Wistar rats having an artificial pituitary stalk lesion (which is the artificial equivalent of homozygous Brattleboro animals) showed no differences in endogenous mucosal prostacyclin level compared to normal Wistar rats. Therefore, we concluded that this hitherto unknown property of the homozygous Brattleboro rats is genetically determined.     

Gastric mucosal integrity: gastric mucosal blood flow and microcirculation. An overview

The stomach is in a state of continuous exposure to potentially hazardous agents. Hydrochloric acid together with pepsin constitutes a major and serious threat to the gastric mucosa. Reflux of alkaline duodenal contents containing bile and pancreatic enzymes are additional important injurious factors of endogenous origin. Alcohol, cigarette smoking, drugs and particularly aspirin and aspirin-like drugs, and steroids are among exogenous mucosal irritants that can inflict mucosal injury. The ability of the stomach to defend itself against these noxious agents has been ascribed to a number of factors constituting the gastric mucosal defense. These include mucus and bicarbonate secreted by surface epithelial cells, prostaglandins, sulfhydryl compounds and gastric mucosal blood flow. The latter is considered by several researchers to be of paramount importance in maintaining gastric mucosal integrity. The aim of this paper is to review the experimental and clinical data dealing with the role of mucosal blood flow and in particular the microcirculation in both damage and protection of the gastric mucosa.