El paciente anciano en Urgencias. ¿Es el mejor escenario para la toma de decisiones complejas?

Clinical evaluation of elderly patients must include a comprehensive geriatric assessment. This is vital when deciding if a patient with a demonstrated critical disease should receive an active treatment, defined as the set of measures to treat an acute disease.The clinical outcomes are presented of four elderly patients who were admitted from the Emergency Department and whose severe acute diseases were treated with Comfort Measures Only. During their admission in the Geriatrics Acute Unit, and due to a reported clinical improvement, an active treatment was provided. All patients were discharge from the hospital after a favourable clinical course.     

Obesity is a common soil for premature cardiac aging and heart diseases - Role of autophagy

The advance in medical technology and healthcare has dramatically improved the average human lifespan. One of the consequences for longevity is the high prevalence of aging-related chronic disorders such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer and metabolic abnormalities. As the composition of aging population is raising in western countries, heart failure remains the number one cause of death with a more severe impact in the elderly. Obesity and aging are the most critical risk factors for increased susceptibility to heart failure in developing and developed countries. Numerous population-based and experimental data have depicted a close relationship between the age-related diseases and obesity. There is an overall agreement that obesity is causally linked to the development of cardiovascular disorders and severe premature cardiac aging. Accumulating evidence indicates that autophagy plays an important role in obesity, cardiac aging and diseases. In this review, we will focus on the role of autophagy in obesity-related cardiac aging and diseases, and how it regulates age-dependent changes in the heart.     

情景教学结合CBL教学在七年制急诊医学实习中的应用

目的:研究情景教学结合以案例为基础的教学(Case-Based learning,CBL)在七年制急诊医学实习中的应用效果。方法:七年制见习学生随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组应用情景教学结合CBL教学,对照组应用传统教学,实习结束时进行分别进行理论和技能考核,理论考试题型包括填空、名词解释和病例分析,技能考核为心肺复苏,比较2组成绩的差别。对观察组进行问卷调查,研究观察组对情景教学结合CBL教学的看法。结果:观察组填空、名词解释成绩与对照组无明显差异(P0.05),病例分析和技能成绩显著高于对照组(P0.01);100%的学生喜欢情景教学结合CBL教学法,96.7%认为该教学法可以提高学生的综合能力。结论:情景教学结合CBL教学法可以提高七年制学生的学习成绩和综合能力,增加学习兴趣。     

Circadian-rhythm differences among emergency department patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation

The purpose of the study was determine whether patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation who present to the emergency department (ED) during the night (00:00 to 07:59 h) vs. other times of the day have more severe COPD exacerbation, require more intensive treatment, and have worse clinical outcomes. A multicenter cohort study was completed involving 29 EDs in the United States and Canada. Using a standard protocol, consecutive ED patients with COPD exacerbation were interviewed, and their charts were reviewed. Of 582 patients enrolled, 52% were women, and the median age was 71 yrs (interquartile range, 64-77 yrs). Nighttime patients (15% of cohort) did not differ from patients presenting at other times except that they were less likely to have private insurance, more likely to have a history of corticosteroid use, and have a shorter duration of symptoms exacerbation. Except for a few features indicative of more severe COPD exacerbation (such as higher respiratory rate at ED presentation, greater likelihood of receiving noninvasive positive pressure ventilation, and increased risk of endotracheal intubation), nighttime patients did not differ from other patients with respect to ED management. Nighttime patients were approximately three-fold more likely to be intubated in the ED (odds ratio, 3.46; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-10.9). There were no day-night differences regarding ED disposition and post-ED relapse. Except for some features indicating more severe exacerbation, nighttime ED patients had similar chronic COPD characteristics, received similar treatments in the ED, and had similar clinical outcomes compared with patients presenting to the ED at other times of the day.     

老年脓毒症和脓毒性休克患者30天死亡率的危险因素分析

目的:探讨就诊于急诊室诊断为脓毒症或者脓毒性休克的患者30天内死亡率与在急诊室初次获得的参数的关系,并探讨死亡率的危险因素。方法:选取2014年6月到2017年6月就诊于我院急诊室且诊断为脓毒血症或者脓毒性休克并有完整随访资料大于65岁的老年患者145例,将30天内存活的患者分为A组,将30天内死亡的患者分为B组,比较两组之间检验指标及生命体征的差异。根据脓毒症序贯器官衰竭评估快速评分(qSOFA)将qSOFA2分的定义为a组,qSOFA≥2分的定义为b组,比较两组的死亡率。并采用二项Logistic回归分析探讨30天死亡率的独立危险因素。结果:145例患者中,44.8%(n=65)的患者在30天内死亡,33.1%(n=48)的患者需要无创或者侵入性机械通气。A组与B组之间舒张压(P=0.003)、收缩压(P=0.002)、格拉斯哥昏迷量表评分(GCS)(P0.001)、血尿素氮(P0.001)及qSOFA(P0.001)比较均具有统计学差异。a组死亡率(35.7%)显著低于b组(53.3%)(P=0.033)。qSOFA是30天内死亡率的独立危险因素(OR=2.871,P=0.004)。结论:qSOFA是老年脓毒症及脓毒性休克患者30天内死亡的的独立危险因素。     

喉罩与气管插管在呼吸衰竭患者院前和急诊急救中的应用效果比较

目的:探讨喉罩与气管插管在呼吸衰竭患者院前和急诊急救中的应用效果。方法:选择2016年1月至2018年5月由中国人民解放军第174医院急诊医学科出诊抢救的呼吸衰竭患者92例,所有患者根据通气方法的不同分为A组和B组。其中A组使用喉罩人工通气方法进行急救,共有47例,而B组则使用气管插管人工通气方法进行急救,共有45例,比较两组患者治疗前与治疗1 h后呼吸频率(RR)、心率(HR)以及血氧饱和度(SpO_2)等生命体征指标,对比喉罩与气管插管置入时间、一次性成功率、心肺复苏成功率情况,记录两组并发症发生情况。结果:两组患者治疗前HR、RR以及SpO_2比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),两组患者治疗1 h后HR、RR均较治疗前降低,SpO_2较治疗前升高(P0.05),两组患者治疗1h后HR、RR以及SpO_2比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。A组的喉罩插管置入时间明显短于B组的气管插管置入时间,且A组插管一次性成功率明显高于B组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),而两组心肺复苏成功率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。A组并发症发生率为2.13%(1/47),低于B组的并发症发生率13.33%(6/45),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:喉罩通气与气管插管通气效果基本一致,但其操作更简单更安全,可缩短插管置入时间,提高一次性成功率,争取抢救时间。     

腹部创伤定点超声检查对急诊腹部闭合性创伤的诊断价值

目的:探讨腹部创伤定点超声检查(FAST)对急诊腹部闭合性创伤的诊断价值。方法:选取2013年1月至2013年12月间我院接受诊断的108例腹部闭合性损伤患者,对所有患者先采用CT扫描检查后采用FAST,比较两种诊断方法的优越性。结果:两组检查结果在肾损伤、肝破裂、脾破裂、腹膜后血肿以及空腔脏器破裂五个单项检查符合率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但在检查结果总数上,FAST的符合率显著高于CT扫描,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组的漏诊率差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但FAST的诊断时间和误诊率明显都低于CT扫描,且检出率明显高于CT扫描,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:FAST较CT扫描的诊断时间更短,准确率更高,漏诊率以及误诊率更低,值得临床推广应用。     

Current role of ischemia-modified albumin in routine clinical practice

Background: Ischemia-modified albumin has been proposed as a useful rule-out marker for the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome in the emergency department.

Objective: To perform a review of ischemia-modified albumin use in the clinical practice.

Methods: We performed a comprehensive literature search by using electronic bibliographic databases.

Conclusion: Although the main limitation of ischemia-modified albumin at present is its low specificity, it may be a useful test to rule out acute coronary syndrome from low to moderate pre-test probability conditions with negative cardiac troponins and a negative ECG.     

Weekly Pattern of Stroke Onset in an Asian Country: A Nationwide Population‐Based Study

This study used a nationwide population‐based dataset to explore the variation among the days of week of stroke onset within population subgroups defined by age, sex, and stroke type. We used ambulatory care data from the 2002 Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, focusing on 42,779 emergency room (ER) visits for stroke that year. All analyses were stratified by sex, age (<60 and ≥60 yrs), and type of stroke. Auto‐Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) was performed to investigate the relationship between daily number of stroke events and holidays and days of the week after adjusting for the effects of seasonality and trends. One‐way ANOVA revealed significant differences in stroke ER admissions according to day of week according to age <60 (p<0.01), age ≥60 (p<0.001), male (p<0.001), female (p<0.001), ischemic stroke (IS) (p<0.001), and unspecified stroke (UNSP) (p<0.001). However, the analysis by type—subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracerebral hemorrhage—did not show significant relationships between daily emergency room stroke admissions, holidays, or day of the week. The ARIMA regression analyses also showed that Mondays had the highest rate of emergency room admissions for stroke regardless of sex, age, or IS and UNSP types of stroke, after adjusting for seasonality and trends. We conclude that stroke occurs more frequently on Mondays than on the other days of the week, which might be associated with short‐term changes in lifestyle or due to the sudden return of stress on the first working day of the week, and on holidays.