我国特有珍稀植物翅果油树濒危原因分析

翅果油树是我国特有种,为国家2级珍稀濒危保护植物,主要分布于山西南部的低山和丘陵区以及陕西秦岭北麓的户县。翅果油树分布区的生态环境特征是：热量充足,降水量较少,立地条件较差。翅果油树濒危的主要原因有（1）果实形态结构特殊,不利于传播和萌发,（2）果实结实率较低,（3）种子寿命短,发芽率低,（4）翅果油树幼苗缺乏竞争力和（5）人力破坏严重。此外,针对翅果油树的濒危现状和原因,还提出了科学保护对策。     

山西翅果油树群落的多样性研究

用丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数对山西翅果油树群落的多样性进行了研究 ,并用相关分析研究了海拔与多样性指数及多样性指数间的关系 ,结果表明 :1 )在干扰强烈的生境中 ,翅果油树群落具有较低的丰富度指数、多样性指数的均匀性 ,而接近顶极群落阶段 ,多样性指数和丰富度指数也较低 ,但具有较高的均匀性 ;干扰强度较小的生境中 ,群落具有较高的丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀性。2 )灌木层和草本层的丰富度、多样性指数和均匀度指数呈现多元化的趋势。 3)海拔对山西翅果油树群落多样性的影响不显著。     

Nucleotide sequence and expression of nifHD from Frankia strain EuIKl, a symbiont of Elaeagnus umbellata

Nucleotide sequences of nif HD from Frankia strain EuIKl were determined and analysed. The 3.2-kb and 5.5-kb Bam HI fragments of a genomic clone were previously shown to contain nif HD-like sequences and to be contiguous, based on hybridization experiments and partial sequencing data. Sequence analysis of about 3.0 kb from these fragments revealed two open reading frames and beginning of a third in the same orientation, each of which showed high degree of sequence homology with nif H, nif D and nif K, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequence of the nif H ORF, consisting of 861 bp, showed sequence similarity of about 91% with those of other Frankia strains, whereas that of nif D ORF, consisting of 1458 bp, showed about 85% similarity. Intergenic sequence between nif H and nif D was 45 bp and between nif D and nif K was 61 bp. The 5'of nif H revealed putative Shine-Dalgarno sequences; however, a sequence resembling a typical nif -promoter or NifA binding site was not found. Northern hybridization of RNA from the nodules showed that nif HDK were transcribed into a polycistronic mRNA in the symbiont of Elaeagnus umbellata .     

The acetylene-induced decline in nitrogenase activity in root nodules of Elaeagnus angustifolia

The rate of C₂H₂ reduction by nodulated seedlings of Elaeagnus angustifolia (Russian olive) was followed as a function of time. Our goals were to: 1) determine whether there is an C₂H₂-induced decline in nitrogenase activity; and 2) investigate the mechanism of any decline. We found a peak rate of C₂H₂ reduction at 1.5 min after the introduction of C₂H₂ that was followed by a rapid decline in activity to 56% of the peak value. After the decline there was a partial recovery to 67% of the peak value at 60 min. When the pO₂ was decreased during the decline there was no significant effect (p0.05) on nitrogenase activity. When the C₂H₂ reduction assay was preceded by an incubation in a gas mixture (20 kPa O₂) with Ar substituted for N₂, there was little decline in nitrogenase activity as a function of time, but the rate of C₂H₂ reduction per gram nodule was reduced by approximately 50%. From these results we conclude that t Elaeagnus angustifolia exhibits a pronounced C₂H₂-induced decline and consequently the initial peak rate C₂H₂ reduction must be determined to obtain a valid measure of nitrogenase activity. We further suggest that cessation of NH₃ formation initiates the decline and that the decline is not caused by a change in nodule permeability to gases.     

翅果油树的生态学特征及其根瘤固氮活性的研究

翅果油树是中国放线菌结瘤植物资源中一种具有较高经济价值的稀有油料树种。作者对其生态学特征以及多种生态因子与其根瘤固氮活性的关系进行了调查和研究。 研究结果表明:在生长季节内,翅果油树根瘤的固氮活性呈双驼峰状变化。在6月出现一个高峰、9月出现一个次高峰。这种季节性变化,是受各种生态因子和寄主植物体内代谢因素所制约的。温度对根瘤固氮活性有明显影响;光合作用強度与固氮活性密切相关,但并不呈同步关系;有性生殖生长在不同季节对根瘤固氮活性的影响,是由于二者对光合作用产物发生竞争的结果。种植翅果油树可以明显地提高林地内的氮素含量,12年生人工林和20年生人工改造林分别比荒坡自然植被下的土壤含氮量提高75％和99％。     

In vitro propagation and nodulation byFrankia of actinorhizal Russian Olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.)

Summary Following the evaluation of the nutritional requirements for thein vitro propagation ofElaeagnus angustifolia, this actinorhizal species was routinely multiplied on MS, supplemented with 100 mM sucrose and 5 M kinetin. On this medium, at a 3 week-interval, a multiplication rate of 5–10 was observed. A morphological variant occurred in culture (wet type) but it was converted into the normal type (pubescent type) by a passage on 1/2 macro MS and 1.5% agar. One hundred percent rooting was achieved in liquid medium containing 1/2 MS without growth regulators. The plantlets were transferred aseptically to a nitrogen-free artificial soil substrate and inoculated with pure cultures of differentFrankia strains which had been isolated from Elaeagnus, Shepherdia and Hippophae host plants. We thus ascertained that afterin vitro propagation, the plants retained their capacity to nodulate and sustain nitrogen fixation.     

Large scale inoculation of actinorhizal plants withFrankia

Summary From 1979 to 1984 more than seven million seedlings of actinorhizal plants were successfully inoculated on an industrial scale withFrankia inoculants. Nodulated seedlings were produced in greenhouses to be used for land reclamation in northern Québec by the Societe d'Energie de la Baie James (SEBJ) and also by the City of Montréal for a revegetation program. Crushed-nodule homogenates andFrankia pure culture formulations were compared for large scale inoculation of green alder. Pure culture inoculant was found to be superior than crushed-nodule homogenates yielding reproducible nodulation of seedlings. Two inoculation methods of theFrankia pure culture inocula were compared: soil injection and spraying with greenhouse watering devices. Both methods resulted in efficient nodulation ofAlnus crispa, A. glutinosa, A. rugosa, Elaeagnus angustifolia, E. commutata, Hippophaë rhamnoides, Myrica gale andShepherdia argentea.     

翅果油树茎段愈伤组织和芽发生的组织学研究

本文对翅果油树大宫灯型茎段培养在ＭＳ附加６－ＢＡ较高、ＮＡＡ较低浓度的培养基上培养０～３０ｄ的组织学变化进行了研究。创伤对其愈伤组织的形成有明显的刺激作用,培养３～４ｄ切口处的皮层细胞、形成层细胞、韧皮部薄壁细胞以及髓组织细胞,甚至表皮细胞均脱分化开始分裂;培养８～１１ｄ,切口明显膨大,起源于髓及维管组织周围薄壁细胞的愈伤组织突起大;培养１２～２０ｄ愈伤组织块中出现了分生组织和维管组织结节;培养２１～３０ｄ,愈伤组织表层和近表层细胞分化出芽原基,但与维管组织结节无直接联系。     

羊奶果结瘤固氮特性研究

羊奶果根瘤多年生,初发生时呈2—3分又状,后经多次分叉生长,形成珊瑚状的根瘤簇,外形球状或扁球状,直径可达数厘米。根瘤固氮活性较高,全年平均固氮活性8.86微摩乙烯/克鲜瘤/小时。固氮活性秋夏较高,冬春较低。根瘤离体后固氮能力持续时间较长,可达9小时。固氮作用最适温度为30℃,低温使固氮活性显著下降,短时间高温(37℃)能提高根瘤固氮活性,但持续高温会抑制固氮活性。 羊奶果根瘤具有氢酶,表现出较高吸氢活性(9.52微摩氢/克鲜瘤/小时),且持续时间较长。外源氢能明显提高根瘤固氮活性,提高幅度达60％左右。 羊奶果各器官硝酸还原酶活力为根>根瘤>叶片>枝条,叶片NR活力呈季节性变化,秋夏较高,冬春较低。根瘤NR活力变化较大,且与根瘤固氮活性变化的趋势基本一致。     

Quercetin,Kaempferol and Isorhamnetin in Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. Leaf: Pharmacological Activities and Quantitative Determination Studies

Elaeagnus pungens leaf was documented to be very effective to treat asthma and chronic bronchitis both as traditional Chinese medicine and minority traditional medicine; yet the actual effective components still remain unknown. This work is to investigate the anti‐inflammatory, antalgic and antitussive activities of E. pungens leaf, quercetin and kaempferol, and their contents in E. pungens leaf. Pharmacological experiments showed that they could considerably reduce ear‐swelling of mouse and relieve writhing reaction of mouse; they could also prevent mouse from coughing significantly. These findings suggested that quercetin and kaempferol are major effective components treating asthma and chronic bronchitis. Quantitative analysis results indicated that the levels of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin varied greatly in different species of Elaeagnus and in different plant parts: E. pungens leaf is more similar to Elaeagnus umbellate leaf chemically; quercetin level is exceptionally high in Elaeagnus oldhami leaf; E. pungens leaf is a better medical part for treating asthma and chronic bronchitis in comparison with other parts.