利用分子标记18S rDNA对天牛高阶元进化关系的研究

【目的】构建天牛总科高阶元的进化关系,为解决天牛各亚科之间进化关系和归属提供依据。【方法】本研究采用18S rDNA(V4、V7区)分子标记,分析和测定了49种天牛基因序列,并结合GenBank数据库中3科2亚科21种天牛的18S rDNA基因序列,采用邻近法(Neighbor Jointing,NJ)、贝叶斯推论法(Bayesian Inference,BI)和最大似然法(Maximum Likelihood),对天牛总科3科6亚科的70种天牛基因序列构建进化树,探讨天牛高阶元类群的进化关系。【结果】研究表明:序列分析比对后得到序列为703 bp,碱基A、T、C、G的含量分别为21.1%、26.3%、23.6%和28.9%;变异位点(Variable sites)98个占全部位点的13.9%,简约信息位点(Parsimony informative sites)45个占全部位点的6.4%;转换(Transition)/颠换(Transversion)的平均值R值为2.79,转换大于颠换。进化树结果显示沟胫天牛亚科Lamiinae、天牛亚科Cerambycinae、锯天牛亚科Prioninae和瘦天牛科Disteniidae为单系性进化群,这与传统形态学分类结果相似。【结论】本研究成功构建了天牛总科高阶元的系统发育树,研究证明18S rDNA(V4、V7区)是探讨天牛高级阶元分类有效的分子标记。     

Restoration of Young Forests in Eastern Finland: Benefits for Saproxylic Beetles (Coleoptera)

Effective fire suppression in combination with intensive forestry has caused a large number of dead wood‐dependent (saproxylic) species to become threatened in Fennoscandia. In order to return the fire disturbance dynamics and to increase the amount of dead wood, restoration actions are urgently needed. We studied the effects of restoring young (under 30 years old) pine‐dominated (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest stands on saproxylic beetle assemblages in eastern Finland, focusing especially on rare, red‐listed, and pyrophilous (RRLP) species. Our experiment included a restoration treatment including two tree felling levels for fuel load (10 or 20 m³/ha) followed by burning, and an untreated control. We sampled beetles before restoration in 2005, during the year of restoration in 2006, and in two post‐treatment years in 2007 and 2011. Both restoration treatments increased the number of saproxylic and RRLP species. The species richness increased most in the year of restoration in 2006 and this trend continued in the following year 2007, but no differences in species assemblages were detected between the two fuel load levels. By 2011, however, the species richness and abundance had declined back to the pre‐treatment level. We suggest that restoration burning can also be directed to young forests where biodiversity values are initially low. On the basis of the observed decline in the species richness, we suggest that fire could be introduced in neighboring areas in approximately 5‐year intervals to maintain populations of the most demanding pyrophilous species .     

Effects of Top‐Soil Preparation and Broad‐Leaved Tree Mixture on Carabid Beetles in Afforested Fallow Plots

A 2‐year study to evaluate the effect of four soil preparation techniques and four species compositions in a pine plantation with an admixture of broad‐leaved trees on the species diversity and structure of ground beetle assemblages (Carabidae) was conducted. The soil preparation techniques were full shallow agricultural plowing (25 cm deep with three variants—plowing, plowing with ridge formation, and plowing with subsoiling) and full deep plowing (50 cm deep). The plantation species compositions were pine 7000/hectare, pine 5500/hectare + broad‐leaved species 1500/hectare, pine 4000/hectare + broad‐leaved species 3000/hectare, and pine 2000/hectare + broad‐leaved species 5000/hectare. Carabidae were sampled monthly with pitfall traps in the plantation from May to November in 2003 and 2004—the fourth and fifth years after afforestation. Only the soil preparation technique affected species diversity. The mean number of carabid species and the Shannon–Wiener index were higher in the case of the full agriculture plowing with subsoiling treatment and the full agriculture plowing with ridge formation than in the full shallow agriculture plowing. The structure of the assemblages was dependent on the soil preparation technique, but not on tree species composition. In general, deep plowing and shallow plowing with subsoiling were conducive to an increase in the proportion of individuals representing late succession species, whereas shallow plowing favored early succession species. The results suggest that for effective plantation of a managed stand, deep plowing or shallow plowing with subsoiling is more beneficial for afforestation of fallow fields than typical shallow agricultural plowing.     

A new Eastern Asian Hycleus and key to the Chinese species of the phaleratus group (Coleoptera,Meloidae, Mylabrini)

A new species of Hycleus belonging to the phaleratus group, and close to Hycleus phaleratus, is described. The new species, Hycleus marcipoli, is distributed in China (Gansu and Taiwan), Laos, and northern Thailand. A key to the Chinese species of this group is presented.     

Phylogeny of the Saprininae reveals interesting ecological shifts in the history of the subfamily (Coleoptera: Histeridae)

A morphological data set for the histerid beetle subfamily Saprininae comprising 95 adult morphological characters scored (multistate coding) from 72 terminal taxa and four outgroups was developed in order to analyse and determine the relationships amongst the genera and subgenera of the Saprininae subfamily. Cladograms were rooted with exemplars of Dendrophilinae (genus Dendrophilus), Bacaniini (genus Bacanius), Abraeinae (genus Chaetabraeus), and Anapleini (genus Anapleus). Parsimony‐based phylogenetic analyses were performed based on the type species of each genus and subgenus of the Saprininae occurring around the world, with the exception of three taxa: Paramyrmetes foveipennis (type species of the genus Paramyrmetes), Satrapister nitens (type species of the genus Satrapister) and Xerosaprinus (Auchmosaprinus) laciniatus (type species of the subgenus Auchmosaprinus) that were not available. In addition, in order to test the monophyly of several questionable genera, multiple exemplars were added in a few cases. The analysis also included an exemplar of an apparently undescribed genus. The results of the analysis confirm the monophyly of the subfamily supported by two unique synapomorphies: (1) presence of sensory structures of the antenna; and (2) presence of the antennal cavity, as well as several other weaker synapomorphies. However, the phylogeny inferred here shows mostly low support for the deeper branches and consequently no major changes in the Saprininae classification are proposed. The presented cladogram is discussed together with its implications for the evolution of the subfamily. The most informative characters and their respective states are outlined. Multiple shifts in lifestyles have evolved during the evolutionary history of the group. Taxa found near the root of the cladogram are mostly nidicolous or myrmecophilous, and inquiliny is presumed to be the plesiomorphic lifestyle of the subfamily. The nidicolous lifestyle has undergone several transformations to other lifestyles and myrmecophily has evolved three times independently during the evolution of the subfamily. Termitoxeny has evolved two times independently in the group whereas ecological adaptation for life in caves has likewise evolved two times independently. The analyses yielded a large clade of predominantly psammophilous taxa; psammophily is thought to have evolved once and has been subsequently lost several times. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London     

紫胶林-农田复合生态系统地表甲虫多样性——以云南绿春为例

为揭示紫胶林-农田复合生态系统地表甲虫多样性, 于2006-2007年在云南省绿春县牛孔乡采用陷阱法调查了天然紫胶林、人工紫胶林和旱地的地表甲虫群落。共采集标本1 678头, 分别隶属于24科120种, 其中步甲科(Carabidae)和金龟科(Scarabaeidae)种类最丰富, 均占全部种类的12.50%。拟步甲科(Tenebrionidae)个体数量最丰富, 占个体总数的64.48%; 金龟科次之, 占个体总数的17.58%。大多数科的物种数和个体数在不同土地利用生境中的分布没有显著差异, 而步甲科、隐翅甲科(Staphylinidae)、叩甲科(Elateridae)、拟步甲科、瓢虫科(Coccinellidae)和小蠧科(Scolytidae)在不同土地利用生境中的分布有显著差异。天然紫胶林地表甲虫个体数量最少, 物种较丰富, 优势度最低, 多样性最高; 人工紫胶林个体数和物种数均丰富, 优势度和多样性居中; 旱地个体数量最多, 物种最贫乏, 优势度最高, 多样性最低。种级水平的聚类分析体现出人工紫胶林与旱地之间在种类组成上距离较近; 而科级水平的聚类反映出人工紫胶林和天然紫胶林更接近。结果提示, 紫胶林-农田复合生态系统具有区域内土地利用方式多样化的特点; 天然紫胶林在维持地表甲虫多样性水平上具有重要作用, 而人工紫胶林虽具有积极作用, 但仍需进一步恢复。     

东灵山地区地表甲虫群落组成及季节变化

本文研究东灵山地区地表甲虫群落的物种组成和季节变化,取样选择在11种不同生境类型内,分别代表该地区的植被类型与环境变化。1999～2000年的野外取样共获得甲虫标本10874号,其中步甲、隐翅虫、叶甲、象甲、拟步甲、金龟和叩甲等7科的个体数量较多,合计占个体总数的83.36%,为该地区地表甲虫的优势类群。选择40个最常见物种统计种类和数量,对生境进行主成分分析排序（PCA）和系统聚类分析,可以将东灵山地区的11种生境类型划归为3类：即梨园岭退耕区的灌丛类型、小龙门林区的森林类型和东灵山主峰区的亚高山植被类型,梨园岭退耕区的辽东栎萌生丛被合并到小龙门林区森林植被类型中,反映了植被类型、海拔高度及受干扰程度可能是决定该地区地表甲虫群落组成和分布的主要因素。研究地表甲虫的季节变化发现其活动高峰多出现在6月和7月,而且在不同生境类型内,优势类群的组成和季节变化有很大差异;小龙门林区内数量分布高于梨园岭退耕区内的分布,尤其在落叶松林和阔叶混交林内的数量优势更加明显。如果按营养层次划分功能群,捕食性类群比例最高,植食性类群次之,腐食性类群最少,捕食性类群的季节活动曲线滞后于植食性类群的活动曲线。     

四川蜂桶寨国家自然保护区地表甲虫物种多样性

在四川雅安蜂桶寨国家自然保护区（102°48′～103°18′ E,30°42′～30°54′ N）及其周边地区,就森林片段化和生态恢复程度的不同,选择4个代表地点,即位于保护区核心地带、以阔叶混交林为主的蜂桶寨天然林区（海拔1680～2080 m）,受到经济开发干扰但植被类型丰富的锅巴岩天然林区（海拔2 280～3 340 m）、以人工针叶林进行生态恢复的蚂蝗沟人工林区（海拔2430～2525 m）,以及森林高度片段化的双石镇农耕区（海拔870～1 165 m）,共设26块样地,以巴氏罐诱法为主研究地表甲虫的群落组成和多样性变化。本研究共采集甲虫标本 2.338 号,隐翅虫数量最多,占39.6%;步甲次之,占29.3%,拟步甲、象甲和叶甲的数量也各在5% 以上,它们共同构成该地区地表甲虫的优势类群。锅巴岩物种的个体数量和丰富度（S）以及多样性指数（H′）较高;蚂蝗沟均匀度指数（J）较高,丰富度较低;蜂桶寨天然林区个体数量较少;双石镇农耕区的多样性和均匀度指数较低。锅巴岩、蜂桶寨和蚂蝗沟间物种分布都有一定程度的相似性,但后两者相似性程度更高,双石镇物种分布与其他3个地点差异较大,这反映了不同地点间的生境异质性和森林植被片段化程度的差异。整个鞘翅目、隐翅虫科和步甲科的个体数量分布在针叶林内较多,在阔叶林内较少;拟步甲科的数量分布在高山灌丛内较多;叶甲科的数量分布在针叶林较多;象甲科除了竹林外,在其他植被内的数量均较多。在总体趋势上,随着海拔的升高,在蜂桶寨和锅巴岩两个邻近的天然林地点,整个鞘翅目以及优势甲虫类群的种类和个体数量也逐渐增多。比较蜂桶寨林区内的个体数量、丰富度和多样性指数,北坡均大于南坡。以上结果表明,物种多样性与海拔、坡向以及生境类型密切相关,森林片段化和生态恢复对物种多样性有显著的影响。因此,在改善森林片段化进行生态恢复时,采取合理措施,增加生境异质性,有助于提高该地区地表甲虫物种多样性。     

Variations in dung beetle assemblages across a gradient of hunting in a tropical forest

Populations of large mammals are severely depleted by hunting in tropical forests, with direct effects on plant regeneration. But indirect consequences on commensal taxa depending on them for food resources, like coprophagous beetles, are less documented. Cascading effects of species loss across Scarabaeinae are expected, with likely significant negative implications for ecosystem functions. We examined dung beetle assemblages using pitfall traps at three rain forest sites in French Guiana ranging from intact mammalian fauna (Nouragues) to moderate (Kaw) and heavy (Matoury) defaunation. The site with the most depauperate mammalian fauna showed significantly lower dung beetle species richness than the two other two sites, which were not different from each other. Mean abundance and biomass per trap were not different across sites whereas community composition strongly differed among sites. A positive correlation was observed between body size and the individual contribution to dissimilarity between Nouragues and Kaw. The species contributing the most to dissimilarity were large. By contrast, one medium-sized species, dominant in Matoury, contributed the most to dissimilarity between Matoury and other sites. Diurnal genera of large tunnellers showed a higher diversity and abundance in Nouragues compared to other sites, whereas a nocturnal genus showed no differences. Large rollers were more abundant in Kaw compared to other sites. None of the groups of small beetles but one were affected by defaunation. Our results suggest that loss of large mammal populations affects dung beetle assemblage structure and causes decreasing abundance or disappearance of large tunnellers species that have a major impact on several dung beetle-mediated ecological processes.