全文获取类型
收费全文 | 503篇 |
免费 | 57篇 |
国内免费 | 7篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 1篇 |
2023年 | 8篇 |
2022年 | 17篇 |
2021年 | 20篇 |
2020年 | 21篇 |
2019年 | 32篇 |
2018年 | 17篇 |
2017年 | 11篇 |
2016年 | 19篇 |
2015年 | 18篇 |
2014年 | 36篇 |
2013年 | 52篇 |
2012年 | 20篇 |
2011年 | 34篇 |
2010年 | 20篇 |
2009年 | 29篇 |
2008年 | 13篇 |
2007年 | 23篇 |
2006年 | 16篇 |
2005年 | 21篇 |
2004年 | 17篇 |
2003年 | 18篇 |
2002年 | 13篇 |
2001年 | 7篇 |
2000年 | 3篇 |
1999年 | 8篇 |
1998年 | 5篇 |
1997年 | 10篇 |
1996年 | 5篇 |
1995年 | 3篇 |
1994年 | 6篇 |
1993年 | 12篇 |
1992年 | 5篇 |
1991年 | 1篇 |
1990年 | 3篇 |
1989年 | 2篇 |
1988年 | 1篇 |
1987年 | 1篇 |
1986年 | 4篇 |
1985年 | 1篇 |
1984年 | 3篇 |
1983年 | 2篇 |
1982年 | 1篇 |
1981年 | 3篇 |
1980年 | 2篇 |
1979年 | 1篇 |
1977年 | 1篇 |
1975年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有567条查询结果,搜索用时 390 毫秒
91.
Objective: A review of the literature for intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia is presented along with a case report of a geriatric patient. Review of the literature: Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (IPEH) is a reactive benign lesion of vascular origin, which is caused by an excessive proliferation of endothelial cells. Only a few cases with IPEH in the oral cavity have been recorded in the literature, reporting the lower lip as the main site. The treatment of choice mentioned in the literature is simple excision. Case report: In this case, an IPEH of the lower lip of a 79‐year‐old male was treated by a sclerosing agent, which was injected into the lesion, causing compression and fibrosis of the blood vessels, followed by a careful dissection and excision. Intra‐operatively no bleeding occurred. Post‐operatively an excellent aesthetic result was achieved, without recurrence. Conclusion: The use of sclerotherapy followed by surgery in mixed type intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia can provide an acceptable aesthetic result with minimal intra‐operative bleeding. 相似文献
92.
Tetsuro Tamaki Yoshiyasu Uchiyama Yoshinori Okada Kayoko Tono Masahiro Nitta Akio Hoshi Akira Akatsuka 《Histochemistry and cell biology》2009,132(1):59-70
Tissue inflammation and multiple cellular responses in the compensatory enlarged plantaris (OP Plt) muscle induced by surgical
ablation of synergistic muscles (soleus and gastrocnemius) were followed over 10 weeks after surgery. Contralateral surgery
was performed in adult Wistar male rats. Cellular responses in muscle fibers, blood vessels and nerve fibers were analyzed
by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Severe muscle fiber damage and disappearance of capillaries associated with
apparent tissue edema were observed in the peripheral portion of OP Plt muscles during the first week, whereas central portions
were relatively preserved. Marked cell activation/proliferation was also mainly observed in peripheral portions. Similarly,
activated myogenic cells were seen not only inside but also outside of muscle fibers. The former were likely satellite cells
and the latter may be interstitial myogenic cells. One week after surgery, small muscle fibers, small arteries and capillaries
and several branched-muscle fibers were evident in the periphery, thus indicating new muscle fiber and blood vessel formation.
Proliferating cells were also detected in the nerve bundles in the Schwann cell position. These results indicate that the
compensatory stimulated/enlarged muscle is a suitable model for analyzing multiple physiological cellular responses in muscle–nerve–blood
vessel units under continuous stretch stimulation.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
93.
A. K. Adhya V. Mahesha R. Srinivasan R. Nijhawan A. Rajwanshi V. Suri L. K. Dhaliwal 《Cytopathology》2009,20(6):375-379
Objectives: To perform an audit of all smears reported as atypical glandular cells (AGC) using the Bethesda system (TBS) 2001.
Methods: A total of 18 376 cervical smears were screened from January 2005 to June 2007, of which 65 cases were reported as AGC. Follow-up histology was available in 31 cases (47.7%), in whom a detailed cytological/histological correlation was carried out.
Results: AGC constituted 0.35% of all Pap smears. Follow-up histology was normal or benign in 20 cases, whereas a squamous or glandular abnormality was seen in 11 cases. Squamous abnormalities included one case each of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)1, CIN2 and CIN3 and five cases of squamous cell carcinoma. All glandular epithelial abnormalities were endometrial in origin and included two endometrial adenocarcinomas and one uterine serous carcinoma. Neither in situ nor invasive adenocarcinoma of the endocervix was observed. Review of smears and reclassification as AGC, not otherwise specified and favour neoplasia revealed a higher proportion of abnormality in the latter group, reaffirming the utility of subtyping. The median age of women with AGC was 41 years. The outcome was analysed with respect to the median age. In women aged equal or more than 40 years, AGC reflected a high-grade squamous or glandular epithelial abnormality in 50% of cases compared with none in those less than 40 years old ( P = 0.010).
Conclusion: The age of the woman as well as the subtype of atypical glandular cells influences outcome and hence must be taken into consideration while formulating an acceptable management strategy in these women in a low-resource setting. 相似文献
Methods: A total of 18 376 cervical smears were screened from January 2005 to June 2007, of which 65 cases were reported as AGC. Follow-up histology was available in 31 cases (47.7%), in whom a detailed cytological/histological correlation was carried out.
Results: AGC constituted 0.35% of all Pap smears. Follow-up histology was normal or benign in 20 cases, whereas a squamous or glandular abnormality was seen in 11 cases. Squamous abnormalities included one case each of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)1, CIN2 and CIN3 and five cases of squamous cell carcinoma. All glandular epithelial abnormalities were endometrial in origin and included two endometrial adenocarcinomas and one uterine serous carcinoma. Neither in situ nor invasive adenocarcinoma of the endocervix was observed. Review of smears and reclassification as AGC, not otherwise specified and favour neoplasia revealed a higher proportion of abnormality in the latter group, reaffirming the utility of subtyping. The median age of women with AGC was 41 years. The outcome was analysed with respect to the median age. In women aged equal or more than 40 years, AGC reflected a high-grade squamous or glandular epithelial abnormality in 50% of cases compared with none in those less than 40 years old ( P = 0.010).
Conclusion: The age of the woman as well as the subtype of atypical glandular cells influences outcome and hence must be taken into consideration while formulating an acceptable management strategy in these women in a low-resource setting. 相似文献
94.
Objective: The cytological features associated with clinical outcome of 'LSIL cannot exclude HSIL (LSIL-H)' in comparison with 'atypical squamous cells cannot exclude HSIL (ASC-H)' are incompletely described.
Methods: LSIL-H and ASC-H Pap tests reported in a regional laboratory during a 13-month period were reviewed by two pathologists. Cytological features suspicious for HSIL were evaluated against a check list of 52 atypical features. All histology over 2 years of follow up for tests reclassified as LSIL-H and ASC-H was retrieved to determine clinical outcome. Atypical cytological features were correlated with outcome.
Results: The review yielded 89 LSIL-H and 86 ASC-H. The highest ranked atypical cytological feature in each group was increased nuclear cytoplasmic ratio. Clinical outcome was positive (CIN II/III or AIS) in 44 (49%) LSIL-H and 33 (38%) ASC-H. Round ( P = 0.02) and naked nuclei ( P = 0.009) were significant correlates of outcome amongst LSIL-H tests, but no feature correlated with outcome in the ASC-H group.
Conclusions: LSIL-H is different to ASC-H because of the 11% higher frequency of a positive outcome and the cytological features associated with outcome. 相似文献
Methods: LSIL-H and ASC-H Pap tests reported in a regional laboratory during a 13-month period were reviewed by two pathologists. Cytological features suspicious for HSIL were evaluated against a check list of 52 atypical features. All histology over 2 years of follow up for tests reclassified as LSIL-H and ASC-H was retrieved to determine clinical outcome. Atypical cytological features were correlated with outcome.
Results: The review yielded 89 LSIL-H and 86 ASC-H. The highest ranked atypical cytological feature in each group was increased nuclear cytoplasmic ratio. Clinical outcome was positive (CIN II/III or AIS) in 44 (49%) LSIL-H and 33 (38%) ASC-H. Round ( P = 0.02) and naked nuclei ( P = 0.009) were significant correlates of outcome amongst LSIL-H tests, but no feature correlated with outcome in the ASC-H group.
Conclusions: LSIL-H is different to ASC-H because of the 11% higher frequency of a positive outcome and the cytological features associated with outcome. 相似文献
95.
W. Prendiville 《Cytopathology》2009,20(3):145-153
The treatment of squamous cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is to remove or destroy the transformation zone (TZ). It is likely that no method of treatment is superior to another if it is performed properly and the limited available evidence supports this view. The significant advantages of excision (simplicity, cost, outpatient procedure, histological examination of the entire TZ) mean that treatment thresholds may have lowered over the last decade. Long-term pregnancy-related morbidity associated with excision has been reported recently. The evidence would suggest that this increase equates to a genuine increase in serious adverse outcome for cone biopsy but not large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ). The available data also point to an increase in both incomplete excision and premature labour associated with the excision of large endocervical TZs. The clinical implications arising from this are firstly that women with large type 2 and 3 TZs need appropriate counselling before treatment and that the threshold for treating young women with mild abnormalities needs review. 相似文献
96.
J. Jordan P. Martin-Hirsch M. Arbyn U. Schenck J.-J. Baldauf D. Da Silva A. Anttila P. Nieminen W. Prendiville 《Cytopathology》2009,20(1):5-16
The current paper presents the second part of chapter 6 of the second edition of the European Guidelines for Quality Assurance in Cervical Cancer Screening . The first part of the same chapter was published in a previous issue ( Cytopathology 2008;19:342–54). This part provides guidance on how to manage and treat women with histologically confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. The paper describes the characteristics, indications and possible complications of excisional and ablative treatment methods. The three options to monitor the outcome after treatment (repeat cytology, HPV testing and colposcopy) are discussed. Specific recommendations for particular clinical situations are provided: pregnancy, immuno-suppression, HIV infection, post-menopause, adolescence and cyto-colpo-histological disparity. The paper ends with recommendations for quality assurance in patient management and some general advice on how to communicate screening, diagnosis and treatment results to the woman concerned. Finally, a data collection form is attached. 相似文献
97.
N. Kumar M. Bongiovanni M.-J. Molliet M.-F. Pelte J.-F. Egger J.-C. Pache 《Cytopathology》2009,20(6):351-358
Objective: To identify in cytology, high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions with endocervical glandular extension in cases previously diagnosed as atypical glandular cells (AGC), analyse possible reasons for the diagnostic pitfall and document the frequency of glandular pathology coexisting with high‐grade cervical intraepithelial lesion in histology. Methods: Thirty‐nine ThinPrep® cervical smear (Pap) tests reported as AGC of undetermined significance and showing high‐grade lesions on histology [cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2 or 3, endometrial or extrauterine adenocarcinoma] were reviewed retrospectively to identify the cases of high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion with endocervical glandular extension, using the Bethesda 2001 system. Cyto‐histological correlation was performed. Results: A high frequency of diverse glandular pathologies coexisted with high‐grade cervical intraepithelial lesions on histology. This included endocervical glandular extension in 63%, benign glandular pathology in 33% and pre‐neoplastic or malignant glandular pathology (endocervical glandular dysplasia, adenocarcinoma in situ and metastatic breast carcinoma) in 17% cases. On cytology, the sensitivity was 40%, specificity was 80% and positive predictive value was 86% for endocervical gland extension in high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. Conclusions: Special efforts to recognize endocervical glandular extension in high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and glandular neoplasia coexisting with squamous intraepithelial lesions from the heterogeneous category of AGC can contribute to increasing the diagnostic accuracy. The identification of endocervical glandular extension on cervical cytology would alert the gynaecologist to perform a thorough assessment of the endocervix during colposcopy. This could also help to decide on the need to perform deeper conization rather than loop electrosurgical excision procedure to ensure negative margins when colposcopic biopsy shows CIN 2 or 3. 相似文献
98.
P21蛋白在不同级别宫颈组织中的表达及其与高危HPV感染相关性的研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
目的通过检测宫颈组织中p21waf基因表达与高危HPV感染的情况,研究P21蛋白与高危HPV感染在宫颈组织恶性转化过程中的作用及其相互关系。方法应用免疫组化检测P21蛋白及基因杂交捕获Ⅱ代技术(HC-Ⅱ)检测高危HPV在正常宫颈组、宫颈炎、宫颈上皮内瘤样病变(CIN)及宫颈癌组这4组中的表达情况。结果在正常宫颈组、宫颈炎、宫颈上皮内瘤样病变(CIN)、及宫颈癌组中P21的阳性表达率分别为11.8%、15.4%、39.1%和57.7%;高危HPV的阳性表达率分别为20%、23.5%、65.2%和88.5%,这两项指标在CIN、宫颈癌组有明显的升高趋势且与正常宫颈和宫颈炎两组相比差异具有显著性统计学意义(P<0.05);各级别宫颈组织中高危HPV阳性组的P21蛋白阳性率明显高于阴性组的P21蛋白阳性率。差异在统计学上具有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论P21蛋白的表达和高危HPV感染与宫颈病变的恶化均有高度的相关性,其检出率和阳性表达率随着宫颈病变恶性程度的增加而升高。在CIN向宫颈癌恶性转化过程中,P21与高危HPV共同促进肿瘤的发生。 相似文献
99.
宫颈上皮内病变与HPV相关 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
目的了解辽宁省妇女生殖道人乳头瘤病毒(Human Papillomavirus,HPV)感染情况,研究辽宁省妇女宫颈上皮内病变与HPV感染的相关性。方法回顾性分析600例行核酸分子快速导流杂交基因芯片技术(Hybri Max)检测的患者,该600例患者均行薄层液基细胞学技术(Liguid-based cytologic teset,LCT)检查,有127例患者行病理活检,结合3种方法研究HPV感染与宫颈病变的相关性。结果导流杂交HPV-DNA检测结果与LCT结果相结合,600例患者中,感染HPV的阳性率分别为正常32%(92/288),Asc-us42%(87/208),LSIL53%(40/75),HSIL86%(19/22),癌100%(7/7)。导流杂交HPV-DNA检测结果与病理活检结果相结合,感染HPV的阳性率分别为:正常或慢性炎症36.17%(17/47),CINⅠ66.67%(36/54),CINⅡ-Ⅲ84.21%(16/19),癌100%(7/7),HPV感染阳性率随宫颈病变程度加重而明显升高。细胞学与组织学病理诊断符合率分别为LSIL72%(54/75),HSIL86.36%(19/22),SCC100%(7/7)。不同年龄阶段妇女感染HPV的阳性率依次为20-29岁46.76%(65/139),30-39岁43.41%(79/182),40-9岁40.48%(71/174),50-59岁38.16%(29/76),60-69岁37.50%(6/16),70岁76.92%(10/13)。600例患者HPV感染总阳性率为40.83%(245/600),在HPV21种亚型中,有19种亚型均被检测出,感染率最高的是HPV16 35.51%(87/245),其它常见型别依次为HPV58,HPV6,HPV53,HPV18,HPV31,HPV52和cp8304。此外还发现高危型HPV16的感染率:正常或慢性炎症35.29%(6/17)CINⅠ33.33%(12/36),CINⅡ-Ⅲ56.25%(9/16),癌85.71%(6/7),其感染率阳性率在各种程度的宫颈病变中占很大比重,也随宫颈病变的严重程度而增高,进一步论证了HPV16的高危性。结论辽宁省妇女HPV感染的主要亚型是HPV16,HPV58及HPV6.无论是与细胞学检测结果相结合还是与病理活检结果相结合,HPV感染阳性率均随宫颈病变程度的加重而增高。提示宫颈病变的防治重点应放在预防及治疗HPV感染。 相似文献
100.
Ralph Fingerhut 《Steroids》2009,74(8):662-1442