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101.
102.
公路建设的主要生态影响 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
公路已成为全球景观中一种重要的景观类型,其里程和密度在逐年增加.公路建设项目,尤其是公路网络的形成不仅减少了自然生境的数量,而且严重降低了自然生境的质量.公路建设对生态环境造成的影响主要包括生境损失、生态干扰、公路致死、阻碍作用、廊道效应以及公路网络造成的严重生境破碎化.缓解公路生态影响的措施有避免、消减和补偿3种. 相似文献
103.
Giordano Ciocheti Julia Camara de Assis John Wesley Ribeiro Milton Cezar Ribeiro 《Biotropica》2017,49(6):765-769
Road widening (a.k.a. road dualling) and the presence of mitigation structures may have opposing effects on the number of animal‐vehicle collisions. Their influence in tropical areas is poorly quantified, and we know little about how modifications of road structure affect fauna roadkill and mitigation. We evaluated how road widening and proximity to a wildlife underpass affect roadkill of medium and large mammals, using roadkill records from before and after the widening of 150 km of road with new and old wildlife underpasses. Roadkilled species were divided into three groups based on mobility and sensitivity to human disturbance. Four of 16 species exhibited significantly higher roadkill after widening. Roadkill near underpasses was generally higher than by chance, despite our expectation of reduction in roadkills. This result indicates that we must adopt more effective mitigation measures, such as appropriate fencing combined with underpasses. 相似文献
104.
Sedentary but not dispersing wolves Canis lupus recolonizing western Poland (2001–2016) conform to the predictions of a habitat suitability model 下载免费PDF全文
105.
Modeling connectivity to identify current and future anthropogenic barriers to movement of large carnivores: A case study in the American Southwest 下载免费PDF全文
This study sought to identify critical areas for puma (Puma concolor) movement across the state of Arizona in the American Southwest and to identify those most likely to be impacted by current and future human land uses, particularly expanding urban development and associated increases in traffic volume. Human populations in this region are expanding rapidly, with the potential for urban centers and busy roads to increasingly act as barriers to demographic and genetic connectivity of large‐bodied, wide‐ranging carnivores such as pumas, whose long‐distance movements are likely to bring them into contact with human land uses and whose low tolerance both for and from humans may put them at risk unless opportunities for safe passage through or around human‐modified landscapes are present. Brownian bridge movement models based on global positioning system collar data collected during bouts of active movement and linear mixed models were used to model habitat quality for puma movement; then, a wall‐to‐wall application of circuit theory models was used to produce a continuous statewide estimate of connectivity for puma movement and to identify pinch points, or bottlenecks, that may be most at risk of impacts from current and future traffic volume and expanding development. Rugged, shrub‐ and scrub‐dominated regions were highlighted as those offering high quality movement habitat for pumas, and pinch points with the greatest potential impacts from expanding development and traffic, although widely distributed, were particularly prominent to the north and east of the city of Phoenix and along interstate highways in the western portion of the state. These pinch points likely constitute important conservation opportunities, where barriers to movement may cause disproportionate loss of connectivity, but also where actions such as placement of wildlife crossing structures or conservation easements could enhance connectivity and prevent detrimental impacts before they occur. 相似文献
106.
Evolution to environmental contamination ablates the circadian clock of an aquatic sentinel species 下载免费PDF全文
Environmental contamination is a common cause of rapid evolution. Recent work has shown that Daphnia pulex, an important freshwater species, can rapidly evolve increased tolerance to a common contaminant, sodium chloride (NaCl) road salt. While such rapid evolution can benefit organisms, allowing them to adapt to new environmental conditions, it can also be associated with unforeseen tradeoffs. Given that exposure to environmental contaminants can cause circadian disruption, we investigated whether the circadian clock was affected by evolving a tolerance to high levels of road salt. By tracking the oscillations of a putative clock gene, period, we demonstrated that D. pulex express per mRNA with approximately 20‐hr oscillations under control conditions. This putative circadian rhythm was ablated in response to high levels of salinity; populations adapted to high NaCl concentrations exhibited an ablation of period oscillation. Moreover, we showed that while gene expression is increased in several other genes, including clock, actin, and Na+/K+‐ATPase, upon the adaptation to high levels of salinity, per expression is unique among the genes we tracked in that it is the only gene repressed in response to salt adaptation. These results suggest that rapid evolution of salt tolerance occurs with the tradeoff of suppressed circadian function. The resultant circadian disruption may have profound consequences to individuals, populations, and aquatic food webs by affecting species interactions. In addition, our research suggests that circadian clocks may also be disrupted by the adaptation to other environmental contaminants. 相似文献
107.
Zhiguo Cao Leicheng Zhao Yumeng Shi Jinglan Feng Shihua Wang Yajie Zhang 《人类与生态风险评估》2017,23(5):1072-1085
To investigate the contamination level, distribution, possible source, and human exposure risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the urban traffic environment, 15 PAHs were measured in 34 road dust samples (particle size < 25 μm) collected from three grades of roads and park paths in Xinxiang, China. ΣPAHs concentrations ranged from 311 to 21200 ng g?1, with a mean of 5890 ng g?1 and decreased in the following order: main roads (7650 ng g?1) > collector streets (7410 ng g?1) > bypasses (2970 ng g?1) > park paths (1570 ng g?1), indicating that significant positive correlation existed between PAH contamination and traffic density. PAHs in all samples were dominantly composed of 4-ring PAHs, accounting for 44.8% of the total. Pyrene, fluoranthene, and chrysene were the predominant individual components and accounted for 14.7% (1.2–19.2%), 12.9% (3.3–20.3%), and 11.0% (2.5–18.6%) of ΣPAHs, respectively. The specific isomer ratios indicated that traffic emission was the dominant source of PAHs in road dust. The incremental lifetime cancer risk values showed that cancer risk from exposure to road dust–borne PAHs was acceptable for local residents in Xinxiang. 相似文献
108.
根据实地踏查和文献资料详细调查广州大学城城市绿地的总体布局, 各类绿地的树种结构和组成。调查发现,大学城道路绿化率高达90%,行道树应用树种有70种,隶属于29科;附属绿地树木有122种,包含42科106属。结合道路和各单位附属绿地的树木种类及其出现频率,进一步分析大学城城市森林的树木配置和美学价值,并针对绿化树种存在问题提出改善建议。 相似文献
109.
Gert Van Hoof Angeline de Beaufort Christian Hochfeld Karli James 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2001,6(3):133-134
The subgroup ‘Driving Forces for Data Exchange’ as part of the SETAC LCA Workgroup on Data Availability and Quality is finishing
its final report with recommendations and guidelines to stimulate availability and exchange of LCI data. Activities in the
past three years involved a literature review, interviews with LCI data publishers and stakeholder discussions. The final
report will be part of a SETAC ‘Code of Life Cycle Inventory Practice’, dealing with LCI data availability and quality aspects
in a broader sense. 相似文献
110.