在生理学研究中如何正确估计样本含量

目的：引起生理学研究人员对样本含量估计重要性的认识。方法：论述样本含量估计的意义及存在的问题,介绍常用的样本含量估计方法以及获取其他样本含量估计方法的途径。结果：清楚地表述了估计样本含量必需明白的基本概念、前提条件,并通过实例给出了两种场合下所需样本含量的估计过程和结果。结论：在估计样本含量时,必须明确资料将选用何种统计分析方法处理,并且应满足有关的前提条件,才能得到正确的估计结果。     

Factor analysis of teacher professional development in Chinese military medical universities

Background and purpose: Teacher professional development potentially enhances teachers’ professional morale, knowledge, skills and autonomy, which helps improve the quality of education. The military medical university is an important medical education institution in China; however, studies of teacher professional development within military medical universities are still lacking. This study aimed to explore the factors that influence teacher professional development in Chinese military medical universities. Methods: We interviewed 19 experts from China’s Third Military Medical University to identify factors that affect teacher professional development and used these factors to prepare a questionnaire. The data were collected through a random, anonymous questionnaire survey of 371 teachers at three military universities in China, analysed by exploratory factor analysis and verified by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results: We obtained five main factors, which explained 66.691% of the total variance and were found to have a good data fitting according to the CFA results. Conclusions: Teaching experience, shared vision, policy and material security, professional competence and psychological motivation primarily affect teacher professional development in Chinese military medical universities. We can only achieve teacher professional development goals through comprehensive consideration, coordinated arrangement and content improvement of these five factors.     

Assessing students’ performances in decision-making: coping strategies of biology teachers

Decision-making in socioscientific issues (SSI) constitutes a real challenge for both biology teachers and learners. The assessment of students’ performances in SSIs constitutes a problem, especially for biology teachers. The study at hand was conducted in Germany and uses a qualitative approach following the research procedures of grounded theory to focus on teachers’ concepts and, especially, coping strategies in assessment concerning students’ decision-making in SSIs. Semi-structured interviews with six teachers, in combination with video-vignettes, were used for data generation. The results show predominantly defensive strategies when teachers are confronted with the assessment of students’ performances in SSIs. These results and implications for teacher education and teacher training are discussed.     

植物内生菌研究进展

内生菌由于生长于植物体内且不引起植物病害所以不易被发现,它是一类具有高实用价值的植物内生微生物。经过人们的不断研究,越来越多的植物内生菌被发现,其活性代谢产物的优势也得到了更多研究者的认可。综述了国内外有关植物内生菌研究的主要成果和进展,并从植物内生菌的发现、研究历史、多样性、生理生化特性以及植物内生菌与宿主植物间的作用关系等多个层次进行了概述,以期为植物内生菌相关研究提供参考。     

“食用菌产量和品质形成的分子机理及调控”项目简介——食用菌产业发展与技术创新的科学基础

食用菌以子实体为收获物,是优质蛋白的重要来源,我国重要的食物安全战略产业,已经成为我国粮、菜、果、油之后的第五大产值农作物,2013年产量3 169.68万吨（中国食用菌协会统计）,直接产值1 707亿元,间接产值6 828亿元,从业人口逾2 000万。我国食用菌产量已占全球总产量的75%以上。但是,与食用菌产业相关的基础科学研究严重匮乏,对产量和品质形成的关键科学问题研究的空白,严重制约着我国食用菌育种和栽培等产业技术的创新,导致单产低、质量差,产业链难以延长,产业效益持续下降,产业升级艰难。科学基础研究的缺乏,已经成为食用菌产业发展的瓶颈。2014年立项的国家重点基础研究发展计划（973）项目“食用菌产量和品质形成的分子机理及调控”（2014CB138300）,紧紧抓住困扰我国食用菌产业发展的科学问题,开展食用菌高效利用木质纤维素的分子机制、食用菌子实体形成发育的调控机理、食用菌温度响应的分子机制、食用菌活性物质及其合成代谢的分子基础和食用菌优异种质性状形成的遗传基础研究,拟阐释食用菌子实体形成的营养利用与遗传调控机制、食用菌抗逆性的温度响应机制和食用菌活性物质的合成代谢调控机理。构建食用菌科学理论体系,为食用菌产业关键技术创新奠定科学基础,为优质高产提供理论指导,为延长产业链,提高产业效益提供科学路径。     

Current aging research in China

The mini-review stemmed from a recent meeting on national aging research strategies in China discusses the components and challenges of aging research in China. Highlighted are the major efforts of a number of research teams, funding situations and outstanding examples of recent major research achievements. Finally, authors discuss potential targets and strategies of aging research in China.     

肠道类器官在肠疾病机制研究中的运用

肠道类器官由来自肠道的隐窝或干细胞在培养基质的三维（3D）支撑下构建形成,含有肠道的所有成熟细胞,已经成为研究肠道疾病机制全新且高效的平台。相较于二维（2D）细胞培养,肠道类器官不仅可以更加有效地模拟肠道的生理结构与功能,还可以在不同体外环境下更好地还原肠道的真实生态,因此在不同肠道疾病的发病机制研究中应用更为广泛。本文介绍了肠道类器官培养方式的新进展,综述了近年来肠道类器官在炎症性肠道疾病、结肠直肠癌和乳糜泻发病机制研究中的运用及进展,同时讨论了肠道类器官在药物研发与筛选方面的应用。     

Risk of hospitalization among survivors of childhood and adolescent acute lymphoblastic leukemia compared to siblings and a general population sample

BackgroundAcute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) has a high survival rate, but cancer-related late effects in the early post-treatment years need documentation. Hospitalizations are an indicator of the burden of late effects. We identify rates and risk factors for hospitalization from five to ten years after diagnosis for childhood and adolescent ALL survivors compared to siblings and a matched population sample.Methods176 ALL survivors were diagnosed at ≤22 years between 1998 and 2008 and treated at an Intermountain Healthcare facility. The Utah Population Database identified siblings, an age- and sex-matched sample of the Utah population, and statewide inpatient hospital discharges. Sex- and birth year-adjusted Poisson models with Generalized Estimating Equations and robust standard errors calculated rates and rate ratios. Cox proportional hazards models identified demographic and clinical risk factors for hospitalizations among survivors.ResultsHospitalization rates for survivors (Rate:3.76, 95% CI = 2.22–6.36) were higher than siblings (Rate:2.69, 95% CI = 1.01–7.18) and the population sample (Rate:1.87, 95% CI = 1.13–3.09). Compared to siblings and population comparisons, rate ratios (RR) were significantly higher for survivors diagnosed between age 6 and 22 years (RR:2.87, 95% CI = 1.03–7.97 vs siblings; RR:2.66, 95% CI = 1.17–6.04 vs population comparisons). Rate ratios for diagnosis between 2004 and 2008 were significantly higher compared to the population sample (RR:4.29, 95% CI = 1.49, 12.32), but not siblings (RR:2.73, 95% CI = 0.54, 13.68). Survivors originally diagnosed with high-risk ALL did not have a significantly higher risk than siblings or population comparators. However, high-risk ALL survivors (Hazard ratio [HR]:3.36, 95% CI = 1.33–8.45) and survivors diagnosed from 2004 to 2008 (HR:9.48, 95% CI = 1.93–46.59) had the highest risk compared to their survivor counterparts.ConclusionsFive to ten years after diagnosis is a sensitive time period for hospitalizations in the ALL population. Survivors of childhood ALL require better long-term surveillance.     

南药巴戟天本草考证

巴戟天(Morinda officinalis)是我国传统四大南药之一。本文系统地梳理了中国历代本草及近现代文献对南药巴戟天的基原、产地变迁、加工炮制和品质评价等方面的记载。经考证,古今巴戟天基原植物差异很大,清末以前本草记载的巴戟天涉及基原植物有6科10属12种,通过比对本草文献中对巴戟天的有效生物学描述,可以明确古代巴戟天来源于葡萄科(Vitaceae)三叶崖爬藤(Tetrastigma hemsleynum Diels et Gilg)、百合科(Liliflorae)沿阶草(Ophiopogon bodinieri Levl.)及开口箭(Campylandra chinensis(Baker)M.N.Tamura et al.)3种;古代巴戟天产地与现代《中国药典》记载的品种产地差异大;炮制方法古今沿用,炮制品有盐巴戟天、制巴戟天和酒巴戟天;品质以条粗大而且呈连珠状、肉厚、色紫质软、内芯木部细、味微甜、无蛀虫、体干者为佳。通过本草考证,可厘清巴戟天古今之变,为巴戟天商品规格研制提供保障。     

From Ethical Exceptionalism to Ethical Exceptions: The Rule and exception Model and the Changing Meaning of Ethics In German Bioregulation

Germany is an interesting case with respect to the governance of reprogenetics. It has a strong profile in the technosciences and high aims regarding the global bioeconomy, yet her regulation of human genetics, reproductive medicine and embryo research has for a long time been rather restrictive. German biopolitical exceptionalism has often been explained by reference to Catholicism and the legacy of the Nazi past. The Germans, so goes the common story, have learnt the lessons of history and translated them into unconditional respect for human dignity, which in turn translates into unconditional protection of human life, including the human embryo, and the firm repudiation of any eugenic distinction between ‘life worth to live’ and ‘life not worth to live’. This, however, is not the whole story. Alongside deontological strictness we find another strand of governing body politics and reprogenetics in Germany, the rule‐and‐exception model, running from the mid‐1970s abortion law via the 2002 Stem Cell Act to the 2011 regulation of pre‐implantation genetic diagnosis. In contrast to the former, that strongly draws on Kant and his concept of human dignity, the latter bears resemblances to Carl Schmitt's concept of state of exception. The article will show that the rule‐and‐exception model builds the exception into the rule and transforms the meaning and mandate of ethics, namely from safeguarding ethical standards to deciding about the exception. Given that the exception has now tended to become the rule, the question is whether the lessons of history will govern German reprogenetics for much longer.