风景园林通过设计之研究（RtD）进展

“设计研究”为设计学科建立了理论基础，其分支“通过设计之研究”（Research through Design，简称RtD）更是为“设计研究”范式奠定了认识论基础。对风景园林设计领域而言，RtD在该领域的拓展与深化从本质上有助于风景园林学术研究体系的发展。介绍以Creswell的知识观框架（后实证主义、建构主义、变革主义、实用主义）对风景园林RtD进行分类的方法，并引用此框架爬梳了近5年间（2014—2018年）发表于《中国园林》和《风景园林》2本刊物的设计研究成果，从研究问题、研究过程、研究结果3方面对中国RtD进展进行了总结，并对当前设计研究发展的现状与趋势进行了分析和展望，以期为未来该领域研究提供方向。     

SOD mimics: From the tool box of the chemists to cellular studies

Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are metalloproteins that protect cells against oxidative stress by controlling the concentration of superoxide (O₂⁻) through catalysis of its dismutation. The activity of superoxide dismutases can be mimicked by low-molecular-weight complexes having potential therapeutic applications. This review presents recent strategies for designing efficient SOD mimics, from molecular metal complexes to nanomaterials. Studies of these systems in cells reveal that some SOD mimics, designed to react directly with superoxide, may also indirectly enhance the cellular antioxidant arsenal. Finally, a good understanding of the bioactivity requires information on the cell-penetration, speciation, and subcellular location of the SOD mimics: we will describe recent studies and new techniques that open opportunities for characterizing SOD mimics in biological environments.     

Process intensification in peptide manufacturing: Recombinant lethal toxin neutralizing factor (rLTNF) as a case study

Process intensification is necessary to create economical processes. Cleavage reaction is one of the critical unit operations in peptide manufacturing processes as it involves cutting of concatemer expressed to obtain monomer. In this paper, solubilization and cleavage reaction have been merged into a single unit operation so as to allow for simultaneous solubilization and cleavage. Critical variables such as urea concentration, calcium chloride concentration, pH, and enzyme loading were optimized using quality by design (QbD) principles. The subsequent RP-HPLC unit operation was also intensified with respect to elution gradient and product stability in elution buffer so as to facilitate direct freeze-drying and storage. The proposed three-step process was analysed for its economics and compared with the previous generation process, showing significant improvements including a 21% reduction in batch time, 27% increase in productivity, and 30% reduction in manufacturing cost. The work illustrates the effectiveness of applying QbD principles and process intensification for creation of a more efficient manufacturing bioprocess.     

A Competence-based Approach to the Design of a Teaching Sequence about Oral and Dental Health and Hygiene: A Case Study

We present a case study to illustrate the design and implementation of a teaching sequence about oral and dental health and hygiene. This teaching sequence was aimed at year 10 students (age 15–16) and sought to develop their scientific competences. In line with the PISA assessment framework for science and the tenets of a context-based approach to science education, the design of the teaching sequence was based on real-life situations. After setting out these premises the paper describes and illustrates the stages and tasks involved in the teaching sequence, and discusses certain aspects of its implementation. We conclude by considering a number of issues related to the teaching sequence, including its transfer to teachers.     

Persistence and vulnerability: Retaining biodiversity in the landscape and in protected areas

An objective of biodiversity conservation activities is to minimize the exposure of biodiversity features to threatening processes and to ensure, as far as possible, that biodiversity persists in the landscape. We discuss how issues of vulnerability and persistence can and should be addressed at all stages of the conservation planning and implementation process. Procedures for estimating the likelihood of persistence and for measuring degrees of vulnerability at different spatial and temporal scales using subjective assessments, rules of thumb and analytical and simulation models are reviewed. The application of information on vulnerability and persistence to conservation planning and management is discussed under the headings of natural dynamics, replication of protection, levels of representation, source and sink population structures, refuges and critical resources, reserve design, habitat fragmentation and levels of management.